Sludge Treatment and Disposal

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ISBN: 9789058092083 | 9058092089
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/1/2001

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Sludge treatment and disposal used to be considered part of water and wastewater treatment, rather than a separate subject, but is now seen as an independent field of study, research and development. This book is the first text and reference volume on the subject, aiming to provide a comprehensive coverage of basic principles, methods and the advanced practices of sludge treatment and its safe disposal. The book focuses on those aspects of sludge treatment and disposal, particularly in relation to the environment and economy. Based on its inter-disciplinary approach, comprehensive scope and practical case studies and technical illustrations, this book can be recommended as a resource for students, teachers and practising engineers working in the area of water and wastewater treatment, and sludge treatment and disposal in particular.

Foreword	p. vii
Preface	p. ix
Acknowledgement	p. xiii
General Introduction	p. xxi
The Sludge	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Nature and Scope	p. 2
Properties of Sludge	p. 3
Physical Properties	p. 3
Chemical Properties	p. 6
Biological Properties	p. 8
Sludge Classification	p. 9
Primary Sludge	p. 9
Chemical-Precipitation Sludge	p. 9
Trickling-Filter Sludge	p. 10
Activated Sludge	p. 10
Digested Sludge (Aerobic)	p. 10
Digested Sludge (Anaerobic)	p. 10
Septage	p. 10
Characteristic Parameters	p. 11
Specific Resistance to Filtration	p. 11
Coefficient of Compressibility	p. 12
Sludge Viability	p. 13
Sludge Stability	p. 13
Sludge Volume Index	p. 13
Sludge Volume Ratio	p. 14
Other Parameters	p. 14
Sludge-Moisture	p. 15
Different Postulations	p. 15
Moisture Distribution in Sludges	p. 16
Effects of Moisture on Sludge Drying Process	p. 19
General Comments	p. 20
Sludge Quantities	p. 22
Plain Sedimentation Solids	p. 22
Chemical Coagulation Solids	p. 22
Trickling Filtration Solids	p. 22
Activation Solids	p. 23
Water Works Sludges	p. 24
Sludge Pumping	p. 24
Sludge Flow	p. 25
Head-Loss	p. 25
Power Input	p. 25
Types of Sludge Pump	p. 26
Sludge Treatment	p. 30
Introduction	p. 30
Terminological Definitions	p. 32
Sludge Treatment Methods at a Glance	p. 34
Sludge Treatment Flowsheets	p. 35
Preliminary Operations	p. 38
Sludge Grinding	p. 38
Sludge Degritting	p. 38
Sludge Blending	p. 41
Sludge Storage	p. 41
Sludge Thickening	p. 44
Introduction	p. 44
Working Principles	p. 44
Gravitation	p. 45
Flotation	p. 45
Centrifugation	p. 46
Descriptions	p. 46
Gravity Thickening	p. 47
Flotation Thickening	p. 50
Centrifugal Thickening	p. 53
Sludge-Thickening at Small Plants	p. 53
Applications	p. 55
Biological Methods of Sludge Stabilization	p. 57
Introduction	p. 57
Sludge Digestion	p. 58
Necessity of Sludge Digestion	p. 58
Sludge Digestion: An Aid for Dewatering	p. 58
Anaerobic Sludge-Digestion Process	p. 59
Introduction	p. 59
Theory and Process Mechanism	p. 59
Process Microbiology	p. 62
Kinetics of the Process	p. 62
Process Influencing Factors	p. 64
Process Controlling Parameters	p. 66
Process Description	p. 66
Process Control	p. 74
Aerobic Sludge-Digestion Process	p. 75
Introduction	p. 75
Process Mechanism	p. 76
Kinetics of the Process	p. 76
Process Influencing Factors	p. 78
Process Controlling Parameters	p. 80
Process Description	p. 81
New Developments	p. 83
Airlift Autothermal Biodigester	p. 83
Mesophilic Aerobic Digestion of Activated Sludge	p. 85
Anoxic Sludge-Digestion	p. 88
Dual-Digestion System	p. 89
Biological Denitrification of Activated Sludge	p. 90
Composting of Sludge	p. 92
Process Description	p. 92
Co-composting Options	p. 93
Composting of Refinery Sludge	p. 94
Nonbiological Methods of Sludge Stabilization	p. 97
Introduction	p. 97
Heat Treatment	p. 97
Lime Stabilization	p. 98
Chlorine Oxidation	p. 98
New Developments in Physico-Chemical Methods	p. 99
Chemical Fixation	p. 99
Cementitious Stabilization	p. 101
Sludge Stabilization at Small Works	p. 102
Introduction	p. 102
Considerable Factors	p. 103
Process Options	p. 103
Process Problems in TAD-System	p. 105
TAD-Plant Performance	p. 105
Methods of Sludge Conditioning	p. 107
Introduction	p. 107
Chemical Conditioning	p. 108
Introduction	p. 108
Dosage of Chemicals	p. 109
Mixing of Sludge and Coagulant	p. 109
Process Innovation	p. 110
Heat Conditioning	p. 110
Introduction	p. 110
Low Oxidation Heat Conditioning Process (Zimpro Type)	p. 110
Non-Oxidative Heat Conditioning Process (Porteous Type)	p. 112
Relative Merits and Demerits	p. 114
Freeze-Thaw Conditioning	p. 114
Introduction	p. 114
Theory and Process Mechanism	p. 115
Conceptual Model	p. 116
Process Control	p. 118
Optimization of Conditioning Process	p. 118
Introduction	p. 118
Sludge Conditioning Controller (SCC)	p. 119
Hardware and Software	p. 120
Application of SCC	p. 121
Merits	p. 123
Sludge Dewatering	p. 124
Introduction	p. 124
Influencing Factors	p. 125
Natural Methods	p. 126
Sludge Drying Beds	p. 126
Sludge Lagoons	p. 130
Mechanical Methods	p. 130
Introduction	p. 130
Vacuum Filters	p. 131
Filter Presses	p. 135
Centrifuges	p. 137
Filter Presses and Centrifuges: Relative Considerations	p. 139
New Developments	p. 140
Sludge Dewatering at Small Plants	p. 144
Introduction	p. 144
Mobile Dewatering Trucks	p. 144
Sludge Disinfection and Heat Drying Processes	p. 148
Sludge Disinfection	p. 148
Introduction	p. 148
Pasteurization	p. 149
Long-Term Storage	p. 149
Heat Drying of Sludge	p. 149
Introduction	p. 149
Theoretical Considerations	p. 150
Operational Mechanism	p. 150
Direct and Indirect Thermal Dryers	p. 151
Mechanical Sludge Dryers	p. 152
Heat Drying Alternates	p. 154
Thermal Reduction and Disposal of Sludge	p. 160
Introduction	p. 160
Process Fundamentals	p. 161
Complete Combustion/Incineration	p. 161
Incomplete Combustion	p. 162
Pyrolysis	p. 162
Thermal Reduction Processes	p. 163
Multiple Hearth Incineration	p. 163
Fluidized Bed Incineration	p. 164
Flash Combustion	p. 167
Co-incineration	p. 167
Wet-air Oxidation	p. 167
Co-pyrolysis	p. 169
New Developments	p. 170
Melting System for Sewage-Sludge	p. 170
Sustained Shockwave Plasma (SSP) Destruction	p. 174
Gasification of Sewage Sludge and Other Biomass	p. 177
Solidification of Sludge-Ash	p. 178
Current Patents	p. 178
Recent Developments in Sludge Utilization	p. 183
Sludge Disposal Options, Problems and Solutions	p. 186
Introduction	p. 186
Sludge Disposal Problems and Proposed Solutions	p. 188
Disposal to Land	p. 188
Disposal to Air	p. 193
Disposal to Water	p. 198
Relevant Case Studies	p. 202
Canberra's Sewage Treatment Plant, Australia	p. 202
Oily Sludge Farming: An Indian Case Study	p. 204
Coffs Harbour, Australia: A Sensitive Ocean Environment	p. 206
Summary	p. 206
Concluding Remarks	p. 207
Bibliographical References	p. 211
Index	p. 227
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

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