Smart Grids and Green Energy Systems

Green energy and smart grids are two of the most important topics in the constantly emerging and changing energy and power industry. Books like this one keep the veteran engineer and student, alike, up to date on current trends in the technology and offer a reference for the industry for its practical applications.

Smart grids and green energy systems are promising research fields which need to be commercialized for many reasons, including more efficient energy systems and environmental concerns. Performance and cost are tradeoffs which need to be researched to arrive at optimal solutions. This book focuses on the convergence of various technologies involved in smart grids and green energy systems. Areas of expertise, such as computer science, electronics, electrical engineering, and mechanical engineering are all covered. In the future, there is no doubt that all countries will gradually shift from conventional energy sources to green energy systems. Thus, it is extremely important for any engineer, scientist, or other professional in this area to keep up with evolving technologies, techniques, and processes covered in this important new volume.

This book brings together the research that has been carrying out in the field of smart grids and green energy systems, across a variety of industries and scientific subject-areas. Written and edited by a team of experts, this groundbreaking collection of papers serves as a point of convergence wherein all these domains need to be addressed. The various chapters are configured in order to address the challenges faced in smart grid and green energy systems from various fields and possible solutions. Valuable as a learning tool for beginners in this area as well as a daily reference for engineers and scientists working in these areas, this is a must-have for any library.

A. Chitra, PhD, is an associate professor in the School of Electrical Engineering at the Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India. She received her PhD from Pondicherry University and has published many papers in scientific journals and conferences. She is one of the Board of Studies members at Pondicherry Engineering College and is currently working on several books for Scrivener Publishing.

V. Indra Gandhi, PhD, is an associate professor in the School of Electrical Engineering, VIT, Vellore, Tamilnadu. She received her PhD from Anna University in Chennai, India. She has over 12 years of experience in the area of power electronics and renewable energy systems and has authored over 100 research articles in leading peer-reviewed international journals. She has filed three patents and has one book to her credit. She has also received the best researcher award from NFED, Coimbatore and from VIT.

W. Razia Sultana, PhD, is an associate professor in the School of Electrical Engineering, at the Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, where she also received her PhD.

Preface xiii

1 Studies on Enhancement of Battery Pack Efficiency Using Active Cell Balancing Techniques for Electric Vehicle Applications Through MATLAB Simulations 1
B. Akhila and S. Arockia Edwin Xavier

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Influence of Lithium Ion Batteries 2

1.3 Cell Balancing 3

1.3.1 Types of Cell Balancing 3

1.3.2 Passive Cell Balancing 3

1.3.3 Active Cell Balancing 3

1.3.4 Why Cell Balancing is Important 5

1.4 Block Diagram 6

1.5 SOC Control Using Passive Cell Equalization 6

1.5.1 Equalization Results 7

1.6 Voltage Control Using Active Cell Equalization 9

1.6.1 The Flyback Converter Method 9

1.6.2 The Multi-Winding Transformer Method 11

1.7 Conclusion 14

References 15

2 Evaluation and Impacts of Minimum Energy Performance Standards of Electrical Motors in India 17
S. Manoharan, G. Sureshkumaar, B. Mahalakshmi and V. Govindaraj

2.1 Introduction 18

2.2 A Review of IS 12615 Evaluation 20

2.3 A Scenario of ‘MEPS’ for Electric Motors From Around the World 25

2.4 Government Initiatives to Improve the Energy Efficiency of Electric Motors 29

2.4.1 National Motor Replacement Program 29

2.4.2 Obstacles to Overcome and the Path Forward 30

2.5 Conclusion 31

References 31

3 Smart Power Tracking and Power Factor Correction in a PV System 35
Karthika J., Santhosh B., Vallinayagam K., Thennavan S. and Narendran R.K.

3.1 Introduction 35

3.2 Literature Review 37

3.3 Smart Power Tracking 37

3.4 Perturb and Observe 38

3.5 Need for Power Factor Correction 40

3.6 Correction Method 40

3.7 Capacitive Bank 40

3.8 Simulation 43

3.9 Result and Output 43

3.10 Conclusion 45

References 45

4 Grid Connected Inverter for PV System Using Fuzzy Logic Controller 47
Elam Cheren S., Sakthi Ganesh R., Vijay K., Surya V. and Venkatesha R.

4.1 Introduction 47

4.2 Methodology 49

4.3 PV Module 49

4.4 DC-DC Converter 50

4.5 Mppt 51

4.6 Grid Connected PV System 55

4.7 Results and Discussion 55

4.8 Conclusion 56

References 57

5 An Experimental Investigation of Fuzzy-Based Voltage-Lift Multilevel Inverter Using Solar Photovoltaic Application 59
Gnanavel C., Johny Renoald A., Saravanan S., Vanchinathan K. and Sathishkhanna P.

5.1 Introduction 60

5.2 Proposed SVLMLI 61

5.2.1 Trigger On State 62

5.2.2 Trigger Off State 63

5.3 Design of FLC 64

5.4 FL Tuned PI Controller 66

5.5 Result and Discussion 66

5.6 Conclusion 72

References 72

6 Potentials and Challenges of Digital Twin: Toward Industry 4.0 75
M. Baranidharan, Dattatraya Kalel and R. Raja Singh

6.1 Introduction 75

6.2 Industry 4.0 77

6.3 Digital Twin Technology 79

6.3.1 Concept of Physical and Virtual Model of DTT 80

6.3.2 Digital Twin Effect on Industries—Industry 4.0 82

6.4 Potential and Challenges in Applying Digital Twin Technology 83

6.4.1 Information Technology Infrastructure 83

6.4.2 Useful Data 83

6.4.3 Trust 84

6.4.4 Expectations 84

6.4.5 Standardized Modeling 84

6.4.6 Domain Modeling 85

6.5 Research and Development Challenges 85

6.5.1 Cost 85

6.5.2 Precise Representation 86

6.5.3 Data Quality 86

6.5.4 Interoperability 86

6.5.5 Intellectual Property Protection 86

6.5.6 Cyber Security 86

6.6 Future Scope of Digital Twin Technology 87

6.7 Conclusion 87

References 88

7 Real-Time Data Acquisition System for PV Module 91
Durgesh Kumar, Ila Ashok, Sweta Kumari, Dipanjali and Lawrence Kumar

7.1 Introduction 92

7.2 Description of Instrumentation Setup 93

7.3 Experimental Setup and Data Acquisition System 96

7.4 Experimental Results 97

7.4.1 Under Uniform Illumination 98

7.4.2 Under Partial Shading Condition 100

7.5 Conclusion 101

References 102

8 Investigation of Controllers for “N” Input DC-DC Converters 105
A. Lavanya, J. Divya Navamani, Nivas Jayaseelan and A. Geetha

8.1 Introduction 105

8.2 Role of Control Technique in Multivariable System 106

8.3 Controllers Employed in Multivariable System 108

8.4 Simulation Results and Discussion 114

8.5 Conclusion 114

References 117

9 Fuzzy Logic Controlled Dual-Input DC-DC Converter for PV Applications 119
Nivas Jayaseelan, A. Lavanya1 and J. Divya Navamani

9.1 Introduction 119

9.2 d 3 Converter Topology 121

9.2.1 State-Space Model of the Converter 122

9.3 Closed-Loop Controller 126

9.4 Experimental Verification 129

9.4.1 Result Discussion 130

9.4.2 Comparative Analysis 132

9.5 Conclusions 134

References 135

10 A Smart IoT-Based Solar Power Monitoring System 137
O. Sobhana, G.C. Prabhakar, N. Amarnadh Reddy and Rashmi Kapoor

10.1 Introduction 137

10.2 Phases of System Implementation Process 138

10.2.1 Data Acquisition 139

10.2.2 Data Interface 140

10.2.3 ThingSpeak Analytics 141

10.3 Hardware Implementation and Results 142

10.4 Conclusions 145

References 145

11 Control of Multi-Input Interleaved DC-DC Boost Converter for Electric Vehicle and Renewable Energy 147
M. Bharathidasan and V. Indragandhi

11.1 Introduction 147

11.2 Proposed Converter Topology 150

11.3 Control Strategy 152

11.4 Simulation Results 153

11.5 Conclusion 155

References 156

12 Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for Photovoltaic Systems—A Comprehensive Review From Real-Time Implementation Perspective 159
Sudarshan B.S., Chitra A., Razia Sultana W., P.R. Chandrasekhar, Tanisha Ganguli and Ishita Sahu

12.1 Introduction 160

12.2 Conventional Electrical MPP Tracking Methods 161

12.2.1 Open-Circuit Voltage Method 162

12.2.2 Short-Circuit Current Method 163

12.2.3 Constant Voltage Controller Method 164

12.2.4 Perturb and Observe Algorithm 165

12.2.5 Incremental Conductance Algorithm 166

12.2.6 Hill-Climbing (HC) Algorithm 168

12.2.7 Other Conventional Methods 169

12.3 Evolutionary Algorithm and Artificial Intelligence–Based MPP Tracking 170

12.3.1 Fuzzy Logic Controller–Based MPP Technique 170

12.3.2 Artificial Neural Network–Based MPP Algorithm 173

12.3.3 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System MPP Tracking 175

12.3.4 Modified P&O Method (Variable Step Size P&O) 176

12.3.5 Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm 178

12.3.6 Ant Colony Optimization–Based MPP Tracking 180

12.3.7 Genetic Algorithm–Based Tracking 181

12.3.8 Cuckoo Search–Based MPPT 183

12.4 Comprehensive Review on the Implementation Issues of MPPT 184

12.5 Commercial Products 184

12.6 Conclusion 187

References 188

13 Reliability Analysis Techniques of Grid-Connected PV Power Models 197
Raghavendra Rao N. S., Chitra A. and Daki Krishnachaitanya

13.1 Introduction 197

13.2 Reliability Empirical Relations and Standards 199

13.3 Reliability Estimation of Grid-Connected PV Power Models 201

13.4 Conclusion 205

References 205

14 DC Microgrid: A Review on Issues and Control 207
D. Anitha and K. Premkumar

14.1 Introduction 208

14.2 Challenges Incurred in DCMG 209

14.2.1 Difficulties in Extinguishing Arc 209

14.2.2 Lack of Adequate Grounding 210

14.2.3 Effect of Short-Circuit Fault Current and Inverter Sensitivity 210

14.2.4 Electromagnetic Interference and Inrush Currents 211

14.3 Control Strategies Adopted in DC Micro-Grid 212

14.3.1 Centralized Control 213

14.3.2 Decentralized Control 215

14.3.2.1 Droop Control With Virtual Resistance 216

14.3.2.2 Adaptive Droop Control 216

14.3.3 Distributed Control 217

14.4 Hierarchical Control 218

14.5 Conclusion 223

References 224

15 Maximizing Power Generation of a Partially Shaded PV Array Using Genetic Algorithm 231
Alice Hepzibah A., Premkumar K., Shyam D. and Aarthi B.

15.1 Introduction 232

15.2 Literature Review 232

15.3 Proposed System Design 233

15.4 Design of SEPIC Converter 234

15.5 Comparison of Different Optimization Tools 235

15.5.1 Fuzzy Logic Control 235

15.5.2 ANFIS Model 235

15.5.3 Genetic Algorithm 238

15.5.4 Incremental Conductance Method (INC) 239

15.6 Single-Phase Inverter 241

15.7 Simulation Results 241

15.8 Results and Discussion 242

15.9 Conclusion 243

References 243

16 Investigation of Super-Lift Multilevel Inverter Using Water Pump Irrigation System 247
Johny Renoald Albert, Premkumar K., Vanchinathan K., Nazar Ali A., Sagayaraj R. and Saravanan T.S.

16.1 Introduction 248

16.2 Proposed System Configuration 249

16.3 Design of Concentrator SPV Array 250

16.4 Principle of Particle Swarm Optimization 253

16.5 Result and Discussion 255

16.6 Conclusion 259

References 259

17 Analysis of Load Torque Characteristics for an Electrical Tractor 263
Gade Chandra Sekhar Reddy, Sujay Deole, Mandar More, Razia Sultana W. and Chitra A.

17.1 Introduction 263

17.2 Methodology 264

17.2.1 Traction Resistive Forces 264

17.2.2 Calculation of Rolling Resistance Force 265

17.2.3 Calculation of Grade Resistance 265

17.2.4 Calculation of Aerodynamic Force 266

17.2.5 Calculation of Acceleration Force 267

17.2.6 Contribution of Total Running Resistances 267

17.3 Dynamics of Draft Force 268

17.4 Power Train Calculation 274

17.4.1 Calculations for Field Applications 276

17.4.2 Calculation for Transport Applications 276

17.5 MATLAB Simulation and Result 277

17.6 Motor Specifications 277

17.7 Conclusion and Discussion 277

References 282

18 Comparison of Wireless Charging Compensation Topologies of Electric Vehicle 285
M. Rajalakshmi and W. Razia Sultana

18.1 Introduction 286

18.2 Types of Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging Systems (EVWCS) 287

18.2.1 Capacitive Wireless Charging System (CWCS) 287

18.2.2 Permanent Magnet Gear Wireless Charging System (PMWC) 289

18.2.3 Inductive Wireless Charging System (IWC) 289

18.2.4 Resonant Inductive Wireless Charging System (RIWC) 289

18.3 Classification of Compensation Topologies 289

18.4 Simulation Diagram 292

18.4.1 Series-Series 292

18.4.2 Parallel-Series 293

18.5 Design Parameters of Circuit Used in Simulation 294

18.6 Results and Discussion 294

18.6.1 Series-Series Topology 294

18.6.2 Parallel-Series Topology Waveforms 296

18.7 Conclusion 298

References 299

19 Analysis of PV System in Grid Connected and Islanded Modes of Operation 301
Aditya Ghatak, Tushar Pandit, Chitra A. and Razia Sultana W.

19.1 Introduction 301

19.2 Grid Connected Mode 302

19.2.1 DC Side Control 306

19.2.2 AC Side Control 306

19.3 Islanded Mode 308

19.4 Results and Discussion 310

19.5 Conclusion 314

References 314

Index 317

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