Smart Grids for Smart Cities, Volume 2

Written and edited by a team of experts in the field, this second volume in a two-volume set focuses on an interdisciplinary perspective on the financial, environmental, and other benefits of smart grid technologies and solutions for smart cities.

This second volume in this groundbreaking two-volume set continues the authors’ and editors’ mission to present the concepts and best practices of smart grids and how they can be utilized within the framework of a technological tapestry to create smart cities. Continuing to go through the challenges and their practical solutions, this second volume includes chapters on waste management, e-waste, automotive and transportation engineering, and how internet-of-things can be utilized within these “smart” technologies, and many others.

Like its predecessor, this exciting new volume covers all of these technologies, including the basic concepts and the problems and solutions involved with practical applications in the real world. Whether for the veteran engineer or scientist, the student, or a manager or other technician working in the field, this volume is a must-have for any library.

O.V. Gnana Swathika, PhD, earned her PhD in electrical engineering from VIT University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. She completed her postdoc at the University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka in 2019. Her current research interests include microgrid protection, power system optimization, embedded systems, and photovoltaic systems.

K. Karthikeyan is an electrical and electronics engineering graduate with a master’s in personnel management from the University of Madras. He has two decades of experience in electrical design.  He is Chief Engineering Manager in Electrical Designs for Larsen & Toubro Construction.

Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, IT and Cybernetic, University of South-Eastern Norway, Porsgrunn, Norway. He received his PhD in electrical engineering from the University of Bologna, Italy.  He has almost ten years of teaching, research and industrial experience and is an associate editor on a number of international scientific refereed journals. He has published more than 750 research papers and has won numerous awards for his research and teaching.

Preface xv

21 Smart Child Tracking System 1
Vijayan Sumathi, Mohamed Abdullah. J., Rethinam Senthil and E. Prema

21.1 Introduction 1

21.2 System Modeling 3

21.3 Hardware Design 3

21.4 Results and Discussion 5

21.5 Conclusion 7

References 8

22 Smart Vehicular Parking Systems for Open Parking Lots 11
Sidharth Mishra, Rohan B., D. Subbulekshmi, T. Deepa, S. Angalaeswari and Raana Cariappa Kalianda

22.1 Introduction 11

22.2 Description of Smart Parking System 12

22.3 Circuit Diagram 13

22.4 Block Diagram 14

22.5 Working Principle 15

22.6 Results and Inference 17

22.7 Conclusion 19

Future Scope 19

Bibliography 19

23 Two Efficient Approaches to Building a Recommendation Engine for Movies Based on Collaborative Filtering on User Ratings 21
Aniket Biswal and Thirumurugan Krishnasamy

23.1 Introduction 22

23.2 Approach 1: Model-Based Collaborative Filtering 24

23.2.1 Implementation of Recommender System 25

23.3 Approach 2: Graph-Based Collaborative Filtering 30

23.3.1 Reasons for Choosing a Graph-Based Approach over Memory-Based 30

23.3.2 Implementation of the Recommendation System 31

23.4 Conclusion 35

References 36

24 Design and Construction of Unbiased Digital Dice 37
Debdatta Bhunia, D. Subbulekshmi, S. Angalaeswari, T. Deepa, Kulkarni Swanand Nishikant, Prashashya Patel and Sradha N.

24.1 Introduction 37

24.2 Description 39

24.3 Circuit Diagram and Components 40

24.4 Working Principle 42

24.5 Conclusion 43

Bibliography 43

25 Review on Utilizing E-Waste in Concrete 45
P. Krithiga, P. J. Subha Shree, B. Thihalya and B. Siva Prakash

25.1 Introduction 45

25.2 Methodology 47

25.3 Composition of E-Waste 48

25.4 Process of Export 50

25.5 Impact of E-Waste on Environment and Human Health 51

25.5.1 Environmental Impact 51

25.5.2 Impact on Human Health 51

25.6 Techniques - 4R Approach 53

25.6.1 Reduce 53

25.6.2 Reuse 54

25.6.3 Recycle 54

25.6.4 Restore 55

25.7 E-Waste in Concrete 55

25.8 Strength Analysis 55

25.8.1 Compressive Strength 55

25.8.2 Tensile Strength 56

25.8.3 Flexural Strength 56

25.8.4 Workability 57

25.8.5 Specific Gravity 57

25.8.6 Water Absorption 57

25.8.7 Modulus of Elasticity 58

25.9 Conclusion 58

References 59

26 Smart Trash Can 65
Vijayan Sumathi and M. Subashini

26.1 Introduction 65

26.2 Literature Survey 66

26.3 The Proposed System 66

26.4 Hardware Design 67

26.4.1 Microcontroller Board 68

26.4.2 Bluetooth Module (HC-05) 68

26.4.3 Transmitter Section 68

26.4.4 Receiver Section 68

26.5 Design and Implementation of Software 69

26.6 Results 70

26.6.1 Arduino 71

26.6.2 Python 71

26.6.3 My SQL 72

26.6.4 Web Page 72

26.7 Conclusion 72

References 73

27 Voltage Fluctuation Control Analysis of Induction Motor Drives in Textile Mill Using Phasor Measurement Unit 75
M. Naveen Babu and P.K. Dhal

27.1 Introduction 75

27.2 Existing System 78

27.3 Proposed System 78

27.4 Experimental Analysis 80

27.5 Experimental Results 82

27.6 Conclusion 83

Appendix 83

References 84

28 Smart Cities and Buildings 87
S. M. Subash, R. Dhanasekaran and B. Santhosh Kumar

28.1 Introduction 88

28.2 Components of Smart City 88

28.2.1 Public Transport 88

28.2.2 Road Traffic Management 88

28.2.3 Building – Safety & Security 90

28.2.4 Energy and Water Management 91

28.2.5 Waste Management 91

28.3 Conclusion 92

References 92

29 Minimizing the Roundness Variation in Automobile Brake Drum by Using Taguchi Technique 95
R. Manivasagam and S.P. Richard

29.1 Introduction 95

29.1.1 Roundness 96

29.2 Methodology with Taguchi Technique for Minimum Roundness of Varies 96

29.2.1 Measurement of Out-of-Roundness 96

29.2.2 Orthogonal Arrays 97

29.2.3 Pareto ANOVA 97

29.3 Experimental Conditions 97

29.4 Control Factors and Levels 99

29.5 Selection of Array Size 99

29.6 Experimental Conditions and Calculations of S/N Ratio 100

29.7 Pareto Diagram for Out-of-Roundness 101

29.8 Response Table of Process Parameter 102

29.9 Conclusion 102

References 103

30 Analysis of Developments on Mechanical Properties on Aluminum Alloys: A Review 105
Yogesh Dubey, Pankaj Sharma and M. P. Singh

30.1 Introduction 105

30.2 Literature Review 106

30.3 Conclusion 112

References 113

31 Study of Electromagnetic Field in Induction Motor Using Ansys Maxwell 115
Gajendra Yadav N. and Jyoti Koujalagi

31.1 Introduction 115

31.2 Mathematical Modeling 116

31.3 Methodology 118

31.4 Simulation Result 119

31.4.1 Magneto Dynamic Analysis 119

31.4.2 Magneto Static Analysis 121

31.5 Limitations 124

31.6 Future Scope 124

31.7 Conclusion 124

References 124

32 A New Method of Sensor-Less Speed Vector Control of Asynchronous Motor Drive in Model-Reference Adaptive System 127
S. Venkatesh Kumar, C. Kathirvel and P. Sebastian Vindro Jude

32.1 Introduction 127

32.2 Adaptive Control with Reference Model System (Stationary Frame) 130

32.3 Modelling of Asynchronous Motor Drive in Stationary Reference Frame 131

32.4 Simulation Diagram 134

32.5 Simulation Results 135

32.5.1 Speed Loop with Step Disturbance isq* 136

32.5.2 Step Response Signal 136

32.5.3 Speed Reversal in Step Signal 136

32.5.4 Ramp Response 136

32.6 Conclusion 140

References 141

33 LabVIEW-Based Speed-Sensorless Field-Oriented Control of Induction Motor Drive 143
R. Gunabalan and R. Sridhar

33.1 Introduction 143

33.2 Induction Motor Model 145

33.3 Natural Observer 147

33.4 Simulation Results 149

33.5 Experimental Results and Discussions 151

33.6 Conclusions 155

References 155

34 IoT-Based Automatic Entry Check in COVID-19 Pandemic 159
Alla Parimala Chowdary, Tummala Vineel Chowdary, G. Suganya, S. Bharathiraja and R. Kumar

34.1 Introduction 159

34.1.1 Background 160

34.2 Related Works 160

34.3 Objectives 162

34.4 Proposed Model 162

34.5 Implementation 164

34.5.1 Platforms Used 164

34.5.1.1 TinkerCAD 164

34.5.1.2 ThingSpeak 165

34.5.1.3 Python 165

34.5.2 Implementation 165

34.5.2.1 Temperature Sensing Module 165

34.5.2.2 Hand Sanitizing Module 165

34.5.2.3 Social Distance Checking Module 166

34.5.2.4 Mask Detection Module 168

34.6 Results and Discussion 169

34.7 Conclusion and Future Work 172

References 172

35 Smart Power Strip for Household Power Outlet Control and Energy Conservation Using IoT 175
C. Komathi, Arun A., M. G. Umamaheswari, S. Durgadevi and K. Thirupura Sundari

35.1 Introduction 176

35.2 Methodology 178

35.2.1 Functional Block Diagram with Hardware and Software Specifications 178

35.2.2 Working of the Proposed Smart Power Strip 179

35.2.3 Algorithm 181

35.3 Results and Discussion 182

35.4 Conclusion 185

References 186

36 Review of Solar Luminescence-Based OFID for Internet of Things Application 187
Chanthini Baskar, Shoba S., Manikandan E. and Papanasam E.

36.1 Introduction 187

36.2 OWC for IoT 189

36.2.1 Importance of Solar Cell 189

36.3 Optical Frequency Identification (OFID) 191

36.3.1 Modulation Techniques for OFID 192

36.3.1.1 Photoluminescence 192

36.3.1.2 Double Modulation 193

36.3.1.3 DC-DC Boost Converter Modulator 194

36.4 Prototype and Setup 195

36.5 Conclusion 195

References 195

37 IoT-Based Substation Monitoring and Controlling 199
Arunima Verma, Divyank Srivastava, Nisha Mishra, Navdha Sachdeva, Saurabh Kumar Jha and Shatrunjay Verma

37.1 Introduction 200

37.2 Block Diagram 200

37.2.1 Power Supply 200

37.2.2 Microcontroller 202

37.2.3 Wi-Fi Module 202

37.2.4 Voltage Sensor 202

37.2.5 Temperature Sensor 202

37.2.6 Current Sensor 203

37.2.7 Ultrasonic Sensor 203

37.2.8 Buzzer 203

37.2.9 16*2 LCD Display 204

37.2.10 Relay Module 204

37.2.11 GSM Module 204

37.2.12 Potential Transformer 205

37.3 Connection and Working 205

37.4 Result and Discussion 206

37.4.1 Result of Voltage Sensor 207

37.4.2 Result of Ultrasonic Sensor 211

37.4.3 Result of Current Sensor 214

37.4.4 Result of Temperature Sensor 217

37.5 Result of GSM Module 221

37.6 Conclusion 222

References 222

38 Agricultural Advancement Using IoT 225
Maithili P., Mohit Kumar R., Nikil Venkatesh K. and Kavitha R.

38.1 Introduction 226

38.2 Proposed System 226

38.3 Sensor System 228

38.3.1 Soil Moisture Sensor 228

38.3.2 Humidity Sensor 228

38.3.3 PIR Sensor 229

38.3.4 LCD 229

38.3.5 Speaker 230

38.3.6 Relay 231

38.3.7 GSM 231

38.3.8 Rain Sensor 232

38.4 Methodology 233

38.4.1 Flow Chart & Algorithm 233

38.5 Hardware of the Proposed System 234

38.6 Results and Discussion 234

38.7 Conclusion 235

References 236

39 Smart Microgrid in Hospital Community to Enhance Public Health 239
P. Renugadevi and R. Maheswari

39.1 Introduction 240

39.2 Hospital Struggling in Poor Backup Generation 240

39.3 Microgrid – The Future of Smart Grid and Reduce Power Shedding in Hospitals 241

39.3.1 Microgrid – Meaning 242

39.3.2 Basic Components in Microgrid 242

39.3.2.1 Storage Devices: Fast Response Devices 242

39.3.2.2 Energy Management Systems (EMS) 243

39.3.3 Distributed Energy Resources 243

39.3.4 Microgrid Operation 244

39.3.4.1 Grid Connected Mode 244

39.3.4.2 Islanded Mode 244

39.4 Necessity of Microgrid in Hospital Network 244

39.5 Smart Grid-Digital Technology in Electric Grid 244

39.5.1 Elements of Smart Grid 245

39.5.1.1 Smart Power Meter 245

39.5.1.2 Smart Generation 245

39.5.1.3 Smart Consumption 245

39.6 Big Data Analytics Reduces the Challenges in Microgrid 246

39.7 Case Study: Hospitals Poor Backup System Failures Causing Deaths in Recent Years 247

39.8 Conclusion 247

References 248

40 IoT-Based Smart Waste Management System 253
A.R. Kalaiarasi, T. Deepa, S. Angalaeswari and D. Subbulekshmi

40.1 Introduction 253

40.2 Design of Smart Dustbins 254

40.3 Hardware Components 256

40.3.1 Ultrasonic Sensor 256

40.3.2 Ardunio Uno 256

40.3.3 Motor Driver L293D 257

40.3.4 IR Sensor 257

40.4 Working 258

40.4.1 Module 1: Garbage Level Monitoring 258

40.4.2 Module 2: Motion of Dustbin Towards the Container Line 258

40.5 Results and Discussion 260

40.6 Conclusion 261

References 261

41 Case Study: Smart City Prospects for Economic Growth and Policies for Land Use 263
Divyansh Singh, Milind Shrinivas Dangate and Nasrin I. Shaikh

41.1 Introduction 264

41.1.1 Methods: Study Areas 265

41.2 Data 267

41.3 Analysis 269

41.4 Results: Combined Model 271

41.4.1 Regional Models 271

41.4.2 Discussion: Regional-Level Policy 275

41.4.3 Public Land and Zoning 276

41.5 Conclusions 279

References 281

42 Case Study: International Policy Effectiveness and Conservation Way Towards Smart Cities 283
Varun Gopalakrishnan, Dhakshain Balaji V., Nasrin I. Shaikh and Milind Shrinivas Dangate

42.1 Policy Effectiveness in Conservation 284

42.2 Case Studies of Land Use Policy Effectiveness 289

42.3 Scenarios 294

42.3.1 Scenario 1: Greenish Growth (Increased Affluence, High Environmental Concern) 294

42.3.2 Scenario 2: Maximum Sprawl (Increased Affluence, Low Environmental Concern) 295

42.3.3 Scenario 3: Smart De-Growth (Decreased Affluence, High Environmental Concern) 296

42.3.4 Scenario 4: Stagnation (Decreased Affluence, Low Environmental Concern) 298

42.4 Scenario Interpretation 299

42.5 The Policy Processes 300

42.6 Conclusions 303

42.7 Epilogue 304

References 306

43 CNTFET-Based Gas Sensor with a Novel and Safe Testing Chamber Design 311
Anjanashree M. R., Tarusri Raja and Reena Monica P.

43.1 Introduction 312

43.2 Novel Gas Chamber Design 314

43.3 CNTFET-Based Gas Sensor 317

43.4 Conclusion 321

Acknowledgment 321

References 322

About the Editors 323

Index 327

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