Sniffy the Virtual Rat Lite, Version 2.0

Preface: Installing Sniffy Lite. Acknowledgments. Quick Guide to Menus and Commands. 1. Introduction to Sniffy. 2. Introduction to Classical Conditioning. 3. Basic Phenomena of Classical Conditioning: Acquisition, Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery. 4. Introduction to Operant Conditioning. 5. Basic Operant Phenomena: Magazine Training, Shaping, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, and Secondary Reinforcement. 6. Schedules of Reinforcement and the PartialReinforcement Effect. 7. Shaping Behaviors Other Than Bar Pressing. Appendix: How To Manage Your Sniffy Lite Files.Glossary. References. Index.

Preface: Installing and Running Sniffy Lite

ix

Acknowledgments

xv

Quick Guide to Menus and Commands

xvii

1 Introduction to Sniffy

1

(6)

Why We Created Sniffy

1

(1)

How We Created Sniffy, the Animated Creature

2

(1)

Sniffy, the Program

2

(2)

Sniffy Is a Learning Tool, Not a Research Tool

4

(1)

Applying What You Learn From Sniffy

5

(2)

2 Introduction to Classical Conditioning

7

(20)

A First Look at Sniffy Lite

7

(3)

Classical Conditioning Background

10

(4)

The Conditioned Emotional Response (CER)

11

(3)

The Design Classical Conditioning Experiment Dialog Box

14

(3)

The Sensitivity & Fear Mind Window

17

(1)

The CS Response Strength Mind Window

18

(1)

The Movement Ratio Window

19

(1)

The Cumulative Record During Classical Conditioning

20

(1)

The Suppression Ratio Window

21

(1)

How to Get Reliable, Comparable Results

21

(1)

Putting Everything Together to Understand Classical Conditioning

22

(1)

Exporting Your Results to Other Programs

23

(1)

Printing All the Contents of a Data Window

24

(1)

Copying and Pasting the Visible Portion of a Window

24

(3)

3 Basic Phenomena of Classical Conditioning: Acquisition, Extinction, and Spontaneous Recovery

27

(14)

Important Technical Information

27

(1)

Accelerating Time

28

(1)

Another Time-Saving Hint

29

(1)

Background to the Classical Conditioning Exercises

30

(1)

Exercise 1: Basic Acquisition of a CR

30

(5)

Exercise 2: Extinction

35

(2)

Exercise 3: Spontaneous Recovery

37

(2)

Some Questions and Things To Do

39

(2)

4 Introduction to Operant Conditioning

41

(10)

Edward Thorndike

41

(1)

B.F. Skinner

42

(3)

The Operant Chamber

45

(1)

Reinforcement and Punishment

46

(5)

5 Basic Operant Phenomena: Magazine Training, Shaping, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, and Secondary Reinforcement

51

(22)

Operant Conditioning: Technique

51

(1)

The Operant Associations Mind Window

52

(1)

Exercise 4: Magazine Training

53

(1)

Exercise 5: Shaping Sniffy to Press the Bar

54

(5)

If You Have Trouble

58

(1)

Exercise 6: Cumulative Records-Visualizing Sniffy's Responding

59

(3)

Exercise 7: Extinction

62

(5)

Exercise 8: Secondary Reinforcement

67

(2)

Exercise 9: Spontaneous Recovery

69

(2)

Some Questions and Things to Do

71

(2)

Behavioral Repertoire

71

(1)

Another Effect of Magazine Training

72

(1)

6 Schedules of Reinforcement and the Partial-Reinforcement Effect

73

(16)

Background and Examples

73

(4)

Variable-Ratio (VR) and Variable-Interval (VI) Schedules

77

(1)

Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedules

78

(1)

Fixed-Interval (Fl) Schedules

78

(1)

Setting Up a Schedule in the Design Operant Conditioning Experiment Dialog Box

79

(2)

Exercise 10: Placing Sniffy on a Small VR Schedule

81

(2)

Exercise 11: Increasing the Value of Sniffy's VR Schedule

83

(1)

Exercise 12: Variable-Interval Schedules

84

(1)

Exercise 13: Fixed-Ratio Schedules

84

(1)

Exercise 14: Fixed Interval Schedules

85

(1)

How Realistic Are Sniffy's Schedule Performances?

85

(1)

Exercise 15: The Effect of Partial Reinforcement on Extinction

86

(1)

Some Questions and Things to Do

87

(2)

Does Schedule Size Affect Overall Response Rate?

88

(1)

Does Schedule Size Affect Resistance to Extinction?

88

(1)

7 Shaping Behaviors Other Than Bar Pressing

89

(14)

Exercise 16: Shaping Sniffy to Beg

91

(2)

If You Have Trouble

92

(1)

Exercise 17: Shaping Sniffy to Wipe His Face

93

(2)

If You Have Trouble

94

(1)

Exercise 18: Shaping Sniffy to Roll

95

(3)

If You Have Trouble

97

(1)

Exercise 19: Shaping Sniffy to Perform Other Behaviors

98

(1)

Exercise 20: Shaping a Cat to Beg or Walk on Its Hind Legs

99

(2)

Some Questions and Things to Do

101

(2)

APPENDIX How to Manage Your Sniffy Lite Files

103

(21)

Floppy Disks and Hard Disks

103

(2)

Deciding Where to Save Your Files

105

(2)

Getting Easy Access to the Sniffy Program and Files From Your Computer Desktop

107

(2)

Creating a Windows Shortcut

107

(1)

Placing Aliases in the Mac OS X Dock

108

(1)

Saving Files

109

(4)

Saving Files in Windows XP

109

(3)

Saving Files in Mac OS X

112

(1)

Opening Files

113

(4)

Opening Files in Windows XP

113

(2)

Opening Files in Mac OS X

115

(2)

Copying Files From a Hard Disk to a Floppy Disk

117

(2)

Instructions for Windows XP Users

117

(1)

Instructions for Mac OS X Users

118

(1)

Copying Files From a Floppy Disk to a Hard Disk

119

(1)

Instructions for Windows XP Users

119

(1)

Instructions for Mac OS X Users

119

(1)

Using Sniffy Lite Macintosh Files on a Windows PC and Vice Versa

120

(1)

Storing Files on a CD

121

(1)

E-mailing Files

122

(2)

Glossary

124

(3)

References

127

(2)

Index

129

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