The Social Construction of Difference and Inequality Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality

Now published by Oxford University Press--at a new, lower price--The Social Construction of Difference and Inequality: Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality, Seventh Edition, surveys how and why the categories of race, class, gender, and sexuality are constructed, maintained, experienced, and transformed. This popular anthology moves beyond simply discussing various forms of stratification and the impact on members of marginalized groups by providing a thorough discussion of how such systems of stratification are formed, perpetuated, and interconnected. Each reading ends with critical-thinking questions to help students relate content to their own lives and understand how their attitudes, actions, and perspectives may serve to perpetuate a stratified system.

Tracy E. Ore is Professor of Sociology at St. Cloud State University.

** = New Reading

Preface

PART I: CONSTRUCTING DIFFERENCES
Examining what categories are constructed, how this is done, and why such categories of difference are constructed.

Race and Ethnicity
1. Racial Formations, Michael Omi and Howard Winant
2. Optional Ethnicities: For Whites Only?, Mary C. Waters
** 3. Learning to Be Illegal: Undocumented Youth and Shifting Legal Contexts in the Transition to Adulthood, Roberto G. Gonzales

Social Class
** 4. The Racial Wealth Gap: Why Policy Matters, Laura Sullivan, Tatjana Meschede, Lars Dietrich, Thomas M. Shapiro, Amy Traub, Catherine Reutschlin, and Tamara Draut
5. Media Magic: Making Class Invisible, Gregory Mantsios
** 6. What Trump Can and Can't Do to Immigrants, David Bacon

Sex and Gender
7. The Social Construction of Gender, Judith Lorber
8. Square Pegs: Affronting Reason, Cheryl Chase
9."Ain't I a Woman?": Transgender and Intersex Student Athletes in Women's Collegiate Sports, Pat Griffin

Sexuality
10. Naming All the Parts, Kate Bornstein
11. "If You Don't Kiss Me, You're Dumped": Boys, Boyfriends and Heterosexualised Masculinities in the Primary School, Emma Renold
** 12. What's So Cultural about Hookup Culture?, Lisa Wade

PART II: MAINTAINING INEQUALITIES: SYSTEMS OF OPPRESSION AND PRIVILEGE
Examining what elements of social structure work to maintain systems of stratification based on constructions of difference.

Social Institutions: Family
13. Why Won't African Americans Get (and Stay) Married? Why Should They?, Shirley A. Hill
14. Families on the Fault Line: America's Working Class Speaks About the Family, the Economy, Race, and Ethnicity, Lillian B. Rubin
** 15. Illegality as a Source of Solidarity and Tension in Latino Families, Leisy J. Abrego
** 16. Marriage and Family: LGBT Individuals and Same-Sex Couples, Gary J. Gates

Social Institutions: Education
** 17. The Racial Achievement Gap, Segregated Schools, and Segregated Neighborhoods: A Constitutional Insult, Richard Rothstein
18. Civilize Them with a Stick, Mary Crow Dog and Richard Erdoes
19. Missing in Interaction, Myra Sadker and David Sadker

Social Institutions: Work and Economy
** 20. Black Men and the Struggle for Work: Social and Economic Barriers Persist, James M. Quane, William Julius Wilson, and Jackelyn Hwang
21. Racializing the Glass Escalator: Reconsidering Men's Experiences with Women's Work, Adia Harvey Wingfield
22. Stressing Out the Poor: Chronic Physiological Stress and the Income-Achievement Gap, Gary W. Evans, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, and Pamela Kato Klebanov

Social Institutions: The State and Public Policy
** 23. Jezebel at the Welfare Office: How Racialized Stereotypes of Poor Women's Reproductive Decisions and Relationships Shape Policy Implementation, N. Tatiana Masters, Taryn P. Lindhorst, and Marcia K. Meyers
24. Beyond Crime and Punishment: Prisons and Inequality, Bruce Western and Becky Pettit
25. The Treacherous Triangle: Justice, Immigration Enforcement, and Child Welfare, Seth Freed Wessler

Social Institutions: Media
26. The Digital Reproduction of Inequality, Eszter Hargittai
27. Winnebagos, Cherokees, Apaches, and Dakotas: The Persistence of Stereotyping of American Indians in American Advertising Brands, Debra Merskin
28. The Prime-Time Plight of the Arab American after 9/11: Configuration of Race and Nation in TV Dramas, Evelyn Alsultany

Language and Culture
29. How the Right Made Racism Sound Fair--and Changed Immigration Politics, Gabriel Thompson
30. Self, Identity, and the Naming Question: Reflections on the Language of Disability, Irving Kenneth Zola
** 31. The Florida State Seminoles: The Champions of Racist Mascots, Dave Zirin

Violence and Social Control
32. Climate of Fear, Southern Poverty Law Center
** 33. Ruling Out Rape, Lisa Wade, Brian Sweeney, Amelia Seraphia Derr, Michael A. Messner, and Carol Burke
34. Cyberbullying, School Bullying, and Psychological Distress: A Regional Census of High School Students, Shari Kessel Schneider, Lydia O'Donnell, Ann Stueve, and Robert W. S. Coulter

PART III: EXPERIENCING DIFFERENCE AND INEQUALITY IN EVERYDAY LIFE
Examining the impact of constructions of difference and maintaining inequalities on members of society.

35. Making Systems of Privilege Visible, Stephanie M. Wildman with Adrienne D. Davis
** 36. "You May Know Me From Such Roles as Terrorist #4", Jon Ronson
37. A Dozen Demons, Ellis Cose
38. The Story of My Body, Judith Ortiz Cofer
39. Separated by Deportation, Tram Nguyen
40. "Gee, You Don't Seem Like an Indian from the Reservation", Barbara Cameron
** 41. The Transgender Crucible, Sabrina Rubin Erdely
42. Nickel-and-Dimed On (Not) Getting by In America, Barbara Ehrenreich
43. Not Poor Enough, Susan Sheehan
44. Learning to Fight, Geoffrey Canada

PART IV: RESISTANCE AND SOCIAL CHANGE
Examining how people working within individual and institutional contexts transform difference from a system of inequality to a system of liberation.

45. Toward a New Vision: Race, Class, and Gender as Categories of Analysis and Connection, Patricia Hill Collins
46. Good for the 'Hood?, Anmol Chaddha
47. Seeing More Than Black & White: Latinos, Racism, and the Cultural Divides, Elizabeth Martinez
** 48. Reform or Transformation? The Pivotal Role of Food Justice in the U.S. Food Movement, Eric Holt-Giménez and Yi Wang
49. Voices of a New Movimiento, Roberto Lovato
** 50. The Next Civil Rights Movement?, Frederick C. Harris