Social Exclusion in European Cities:

This book provides a definition of social exclusion and looks at both the processes which cause it and the dimensions of the problem throughout Europe.

Acknowledgements

ix

Part A: Sustainability and Urban Development

Chapter One: Urban Development and the Environment

9

(21)

1.1 Cities and the Environment: Problems and Potential

9

(5)

1.2 Cities and Sustainable Development

14

(13)

1.3 Summary: Urban Sustainability and Global Interdependencies

27

(1)

Further Reading

28

(1)

Key Themes

28

(1)

Discussion Points

29

(1)

Chapter Two: Urban Growth and the Urban Environment

30

(50)

2.1 Urban Change and Urbanisation in Sustainable Development

30

(9)

2.2 Why Cities Grow

39

(11)

2.3 Externalities and the Urban Environment

50

(3)

2.4 Urban Economic Restructuring

53

(16)

2.5 City Size and Settlement Planning

69

(9)

2.6 Conclusions for Sustainable Urban Development

78

(1)

Further Reading

78

(1)

Key Themes

79

(1)

Discussion Points

79

(1)

Chapter Three: Inside the Social City Region

80

(45)

3.1 Urban Density and Urban Sprawl

81

(11)

3.2 Urban Form and Function

92

(8)

3.3 Social and Economic Disadvantage and the Built Environment

100

(3)

3.4 Design and the Built Environment

103

(15)

3.5 Urban Design and the Natural Environment

118

(3)

3.6 Changing the City from Within

121

(1)

Further Reading

122

(1)

Key Themes

122

(1)

Discussion Points

123

(2)

Part B: Introduction to Pollution

125

(74)

The Nature of Pollution

126

(73)

Chapter Four: The Urban Climate and Air Pollution

130

(35)

4.1 Introduction

130

(1)

4.2 The Urban Climate

131

(4)

4.3 General Air Pollution

135

(2)

4.4 Traditional Air Pollutants

137

(12)

4.5 Smog

149

(3)

4.6 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

152

(2)

4.7 Metals

154

(2)

4.8 Noise

156

(1)

4.9 Global Air Pollution issues

157

(5)

4.10 Conclusions

162

(1)

Further Reading

163

(1)

Key Themes

163

(1)

Discussion Points

163

(2)

Chapter Five: Fresh Water Resources and Water Pollution

165

(35)

5.1 Introduction

165

(1)

5.2 Fresh Water Resources, Urban Demand and Urban Hydrology

165

(8)

5.3 General Water Pollution

173

(6)

5.4 Organic Wastes

179

(5)

5.5 Pathogenic Micro-organisms

184

(2)

5.6 Inorganic Chemicals and Minerals

186

(5)

5.7 Organic Chemicals

191

(3)

5.8 Acid Deposition

194

(2)

5.9 Conclusions

196

(1)

Further Reading

197

(1)

Key Themes

197

(1)

Discussion Points

197

(2)

Part C: From Principles to Policies: Addressing Urban Environmental Problems

199

(114)

Chapter Six: Guiding Principles for Sustainable Urban Development

200

(36)

6.1 Introduction to the Guiding Principles

200

(4)

6.2 Ecological Principles for Sustainable Urban Development

204

(10)

6.3 Social and Economic Principles for Sustainable Urban Development

214

(10)

6.4 Management Guidelines for Sustainable Urban Development

224

(10)

6.5 Conclusion

234

(1)

Further Reading

234

(1)

Key Themes

234

(1)

Discussion Points

234

(2)

Chapter Seven: Policy Instruments for Improving the Environment

236

(49)

7.1 Introduction

236

(3)

7.2 Environmental Impact Assessment - A Mechanism for Environmental Protection

239

(23)

7.3 Economic Policy Instruments

262

(21)

7.4 Summary

283

(1)

Further Reading

284

(1)

Key Themes

284

(1)

Discussion Points

284

(1)

Chapter Eight: Towards the Sustainable City

285

(28)

8.1 introduction

285

(11)

8.2 Changing the Shape and Form of the Ideal City

296

(10)

8.3 Restructuring Existing Cities far Sustainability

306

(4)

8.4 Managing the Sustainable City

310

(2)

8.5 Finale

312

(1)

Further Reading

312

(1)

Key Themes

312

(1)

Discussion Points

312

(1)

References

313

(24)

Index

337

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