Social Injustice and Public Health

This second edition of Social Injustice and Public Health is a comprehensive, up-to-date, evidence-based resource on the relationship of social injustice to many aspects of public health. With contributions from leading experts in public health, medicine, health, social sciences, and other fields, this integrated book documents the adverse effects of social injustice on health and makes recommendations on what needs to be done to reduce social injustice and thereby improve the public's health.

Social Injustice and Public Health is divided into four parts:

· The nature of social injustice and its impact on public health
· How the health of specific population groups is affected by social injustice
· How social injustice adversely affects medical care, infectious and chronic non-communicable disease, nutrition, mental health, violence, environmental and occupational health, oral health, and aspects of international health
· What needs to be done, such as addressing social injustice in a human rights context, promoting social justice through public health policies and programs, strengthening communities, and promoting equitable and sustainable human development

With 78 contributors who are experts in their respective subject areas, this textbook is ideal for students and practitioners in public health, medicine, nursing, and other health sciences. It is the definitive resource for anyone seeking to better understand the social determinants of health and how to address them to reduce social injustice and improve the public's health.

Barry S. Levy, M.D., M.P.H., is an Adjunct Professor of Public Health at Tufts University School of Medicine and a past president of the American Public Health Association (APHA), and has had extensive experience in public health practice, education, research, and consulting, both in the United States and 20 other countries. He has written numerous articles and book chapters on a wide range of public health subjects and has co-edited 16 other books, including, with Dr. Sidel, two editions of War and Public Health and two editions of Terrorism and Public Health.

Victor W. Sidel, M.D., is Distinguished University Professor of Social Medicine Emeritus at Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, and an Adjunct Professor of Public Health at Weill Cornell Medical College. He is also a past president of APHA and has been president of the Public Health Association of New York City (PHANYC). He was a founder of Physicians for Social Responsibility (PSR) and of the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW), which was the recipient of the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize.

Foreword
William H. Foege

Part I: Introduction

Chapter 1: The Nature of Social Injustice and Its Impact on Public Health
Barry S. Levy and Victor W. Sidel

Box 1-1: Concepts of Social Justice
Box 1-2: Science and Social Justice
Omar Khan and David MKI Liu

Appendix to Chapter 1: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Part II: How the Health of Specific Population Groups Is Affected by Social Injustice

Chapter 2: Socioeconomically Disadvantaged People
Michael Marmot and Ruth Bell

Chapter 3: Racial and Ethnic Minorities
Carol Easley Allen and Cheryl E. Easley

Box 3-1: Racial and Ethnic Definitions in the U.S. Census

Chapter 4: Women
Gina Maranto and Judy Norsigian

Box 4-1: "Our Bodies, Our Votes" Campaign
Box 4-2: Engagement of Men in Gender-Based Violence Prevention

Chapter 5: Children
Sara Rosenbaum and Kay A. Johnson

Box 5-1: How the United States Compares with Other Developed Countries Developed Countries
Box 5-2: Saving Children's Lives in Developing Countries
Kathryn Bolles and Sarita Fritzler

Chapter 6: Older People
Carroll L. Estes and Steven P. Wallace

Chapter 7: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender/Transsexual Individuals
Emilia Lombardi and Talia Bettcher

Chapter 8: People with Disabilities
Nora Ellen Groce

Box 8-1: Terminology
Box 8-2: Disability and Education
Box 8-3: Similarities and Differences among People with Disabilities
Box 8-4: Disability during Times of Disaster and Political Upheaval

Chapter 9: Incarcerated People
Ernest M. Drucker

Box 9-1: Political Prisoners
William Schulz

Chapter 10: Homeless People
Lisa Arangua and Lillian Gelberg

Box 10-1: Substandard Housing and Its Impact on Health
Bailus Walker, Jr.

Chapter 11: Forced Migrants: Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons
Michael Toole

Part III: How Social Injustice Affects Health

Chapter 12: Medical Care
Oliver Fein and H. Jack Geiger

Box 12-1: Single-payer Health Care
Steffie Woolhandler and David U. Himmelstein

Chapter 13: Infectious Disease
Joia S. Mukherjee and Paul E. Farmer

Chapter 14: Nutrition
J. Larry Brown

Box 14-1: Definitions of Key Terms
Box 14-2: Obesity

Chapter 15: Chronic Non-Communicable Disease
Karen R. Siegel, K.M. Venkat Narayan, and Derek Yach

Chapter 16: Mental Health
Carles Muntaner, Edwin Ng, Haejoo Chung, and William W. Eaton

Chapter 17: Violence
James A. Mercy and Sarah DeGue

Box 17-1: War and Other Forms of Armed Conflict
Barry S. Levy and Victor W. Sidel

Box 17-2: The International Arms Trade
Victor W. Sidel and Barry S. Levy

Box 17-3: Nuclear Weapons and Social Injustice
Robert M. Gould and Patrice M. Sutton

Box 17-4: Genocide
Victor W. Sidel and Barry S. Levy

Chapter 18: Environmental Health
Colin D. Butler and Anthony J. McMichael

Box 18-1: Substandard Housing and Its Impact on Health
Bailus Walker, Jr.

Box 18-2: Impact of Natural Disasters on Social Justice
Linda Young Landesman, Micheal A. Kemp, and Kay C. Goss

Chapter 19: Occupational Health and Safety
Andrea Kidd Taylor and Linda Rae Murray

Box 19-1: Economic Globalization
Ellen R. Shaffer and Joseph E. Brenner

Chapter 20: Oral Health
Myron Allukian, Jr., Alice M. Horowitz, and Chloe A. Wong

Box 20-1: Oral Health Inequalities in Developing Countries

Chapter 21: International Health
Barry S. Levy and Victor W. Sidel

Box 21-1: Trafficking in Persons
Box 21-2: Hunger and Malnutrition in Developing Countries
Box 21-3: Export of Hazardous Substances from Developed Countries to Developing Countries

Part IV: What Needs To Be Done

Chapter 22: Addressing Social Injustice in a Human Rights Context
Sofia Gruskin and Paula Braveman

Box 22-1: Promoting the Rights of "Undocumented Immigrants"
Carmen Nevarez

Chapter 23: Promoting Social Justice Through Public Health Policies, Programs, and Services
Alonzo Plough

Chapter 24: Strengthening Communities and the Roles of Individuals in Building Community Life
Robert E. Aronson, Kay Lovelace, John W. Hatch, and Tony L. Whitehead

Box 24-1: Strengthening Communities in Developing Countries
Gail Snetro-Plewman and Angela Brasington

Chapter 25: Promoting Social Justice Through Education in Public Health
Robert S. Lawrence

Box 25-1: International Declaration of Health Rights

Chapter 26: Researching Critical Questions on Social Justice and Public Health: An Ecosocial Perspective
Nancy Krieger

Chapter 27: Protecting Human Rights through International and National Law
Peter Weiss and Henry A. Freedman

Box 27-1: Preventing Torture
Leonard S. Rubenstein and Vincent Iacopino

Chapter 28: Learning from the Social Movements of the 1960s
Oliver Fein and Charlotte Phillips

Box 28-1: The Occupy Wall Street Movement
Arthur Chen and Peggy Saika

Chapter 29: Promoting Equitable and Sustainable Human Development
Richard Jolly

Box 29-1: The Roles of International Non-governmental Organizations in Promoting Equitable and Sustainable Human Development
Raymond C. Offenheiser and M. Porter McConnell

Box 29-2: The Roles of Foundations in Promoting Equitable and Sustainable Human Development
Mark Sidel

Appendix: Organizations Addressing Issues of Social Injustice and Public Health