Social Psychology

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ISBN: 9780495093367 | 049509336X
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/20/2006

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What decides who someone will fall in love with? Where do aggressive, violent, and criminal behaviors come from? Why are some people more charitable than others? Why do some people obey authority and conform while others always have to buck the trend? Why are some people lazier when they work in groups? What is the source of people's stereotypes and prejudices? What causes conflict between groups? What makes us who we are? SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY covers topics ranging from interpersonal attraction to social structure, allowing you to explore essential questions in the field.

Preface

xii

Introduction to Social Psychology

(25)

Introduction

(1)

What Is Social Psychology?

(2)

A Formal Definition

(1)

Core Concerns of Social Psychology

(2)

Relation to Other Fields

(1)

Theoretical Perspectives in Social Psychology

(17)

Role Theory

(3)

Reinforcement Theory

(3)

Cognitive Theory

(2)

Symbolic Interaction Theory

(2)

Evolutionary Theory

(2)

A Comparison of Perspectives

(2)

Is Social Psychology a Science?

(2)

Characteristics of Science

(1)

Social Psychology as a Science

(1)

Summary

(1)

List of Key Terms and Concepts

(1)

Research Methods in Social Psychology

(26)

Introduction

(1)

Questions About Research Methods

(1)

Characteristics of Empirical Research

(2)

Objectives of Research

(1)

Research Hypotheses

(1)

Validity of Findings

(1)

Research Methods

(18)

Surveys

(7)

Field Studies and Naturalistic Observation

(2)

Archival Research and Content Analysis

(2)

Experiments

(4)

Comparison of Research Methods

(1)

Meta-Analysis

(1)

Research in Diverse Populations

(1)

Ethical Issues in Social Psychological Research

(3)

Potential Sources of Harm

(1)

Institutional Safeguards

(1)

Potential Benefits

(1)

Summary

(1)

List of Key Terms and Concepts

(1)

Socialization

(30)

Introduction

(1)

Perspectives on Socialization

(3)

The Developmental Perspective

(1)

The Social Learning Perspective

(1)

The Interpretive Perspective

(1)

The Impact of Social Structure

(1)

Agents of Childhood Socialization

(8)

Family

(6)

Peers

(1)

School

(1)

Processes of Socialization

(4)

Instrumental Conditioning

(3)

Observational Learning

(1)

Internalization

(1)

Outcomes of Socialization

(9)

Gender Role

(2)

Linguistic and Cognitive Competence

(3)

Moral Development

(3)

Work Orientations

(1)

Adult Socialization

(2)

Role Acquisition

(1)

Anticipatory Socialization

(1)

Role Discontinuity

(1)

Summary

(1)

List of Key Terms and Concepts

(1)

Self and Identity

(26)

Introduction

(2)

The Nature and Genesis of Self

(4)

The Self as Source and Object of Action

(1)

Self-Differentiation

(2)

Role Taking

(1)

The Social Origins of Self

(2)

Identities: The Self We Know

(4)

Role Identities

(1)

Social Identities

(1)

Research on Self-Concept Formation

(2)

The Situated Self

(1)

Identities: The Self We Enact

(5)

Identities and Behavior

(2)

Choosing an Identity to Enact

(2)

Identities as Sources of Consistency

(1)

The Self in Thought and Feeling

(3)

Self-Schema

(1)

Effects of Self-Awareness

(1)

Effects of Self-Discrepancies

100

(1)

Self-Esteem

101

(5)

Assessment of Self-Esteem

101

(1)

Sources of Self-Esteem

101

(2)

Self-Esteem and Behavior

103

(2)

Protecting Self-Esteem

105

(1)

Summary

106

(1)

List of Key Terms and Concepts

107

(1)

Social Perception and Cognition

108

(33)

Introduction

109

(1)

Schemas

110

(4)

Types of Schemas

111

(1)

Schematic Processing

112

(2)

Schemas as Cultural Elements

114

(1)

Person Schemas and Group Stereotypes

114

(8)

Person Schemas

114

(2)

Group Stereotypes

116

(6)

Impression Formation

122

(12)

Trait Centrality

122

(1)

Integrating Information About Others

123

(2)

Impressions as Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

125

(1)

Heuristics

126

(1)

Anchoring and Adjustment

127

(1)

Dispositional Versus Situational Attributions

127

(1)

Inferring Dispositions From Acts

128

(3)

Covariation Model of Attribution

131

(1)

Attributions for Success and Failure

132

(2)

Bias and Error in Attribution

134

(4)

Overattribution to Dispositions

134

(1)

Focus of Attention Bias

135

(1)

Actor-Observer Difference

136

(1)

Motivational Biases

137

(1)

Cultural Basis of Attributions

138

(1)

Summary

139

(1)

List of Key Terms and Concepts

140

(1)

Attitudes

141

(24)

Introduction

142

(1)

The Nature of Attitudes

142

(2)

The Components of an Attitude

142

(1)

Attitude Formation

143

(1)

The Functions of Attitudes

144

(1)

Attitude Organization

144

(2)

Attitude Structure

144

(2)

Cognitive Consistency

146

(8)

Balance Theory

147

(2)

Theory of Cognitive Dissonance

149

(2)

Is Consistency Inevitable?

151

(3)

The Relationship Between Attitudes and Behavior

154

(7)

Do Attitudes Predict Behavior?

154

(1)

Activation of the Attitude

154

(1)

Characteristics of the Attitude

155

(2)

Attitude-Behavior Correspondence

157

(2)

Situational Constraints

159

(2)

The Reasoned Action Model

161

(3)

Formal Model

161

(2)

Assessment of the Model

163

(1)

Summary

164

(1)

List of Key Terms and Concepts

164

(1)

Symbolic Communication and Language

165

(31)

Introduction

166

(1)

Language and Verbal Communication

166

(9)

Linguistic Communication

167

(1)

The Encoder-Decoder Model

168

(2)

The Intentionalist Model

170

(2)

The Perspective-Taking Model

172

(3)

Nonverbal Communication

175

(5)

Types of Nonverbal Communication

175

(2)

What's in a Face?

177

(1)

Combining Nonverbal and Verbal Communication

178

(2)

Social Structure and Communication

180

(8)

Gender and Communication

180

(1)

Social Stratification and Speech Style

181

(4)

Communicating Status and Intimacy

185

(3)

Normative Distances for Interaction

188

(2)

Normative Distances

188

(2)

Conversational Analysis

190

(4)

Initiating Conversations

190

(2)

Regulating Turn Taking

192

(1)

Feedback and Coordination

192

(2)

Summary

194

(1)

List of Key Terms and Concepts

195

(1)

Social Influence and Persuasion

196

(29)

Introduction

197

(1)

Forms of Social Influence

197

(1)

Attitude Change via Persuasion

198

(12)

Processing Persuasive Messages

198

(1)

Communication-Persuasion Paradigm

199

(1)

The Source

200

(3)

The Message

203

(5)

The Target

208

(2)

Compliance with Threats and Promises

210

(7)

Effectiveness of Threats and Promises

211

(4)

Problems in Using Threats and Promises

215

(1)

Bilateral Threat and Negotiation

216

(1)

Obedience to Authority

217

(4)

Experimental Study of Obedience

218

(2)

Factors Affecting Obedience to Authority

220

(1)

Resisting Influence and Persuasion

221

(1)

Inoculation

221

(1)

Forewarning

222

(1)

Reactance

222

(1)

Summary

222

(2)

List of Key Terms and Concepts

224

(1)

Self-Presentation and Impression Management

225

(25)

Introduction

226

(1)

Self-Presentation in Everyday Life

227

(3)

Definition of the Situation

227

(2)

Self-Disclosure

229

(1)

Tactical Impression Management

230

(7)

Managing Appearances

231

(1)

Ingratiation

232

(3)

Aligning Actions

235

(2)

Altercasting

237

(1)

The Downside of Self-Presentation

237

(2)

Self-Presentation May Be Hazardous to Your Health

238

(1)

Deception May Be Hazardous to Your Relationships

239

(1)

Detecting Deceptive Impression Management

239

(3)

Ulterior Motives

239

(1)

Nonverbal Cues of Deception

240

(2)

Ineffective Self-Presentation and Spoiled Identities

242

(6)

Embarrassment and Saving Face

242

(2)

Cooling-Out and Identity Degradation

244

(1)

Stigma

245

(3)

Summary

248

(1)

List of Key Terms and Concepts

249

(1)

Emotions

250

(23)

Introduction

251

(1)

Defining Emotions

251

(1)

Classical Ideas About the Origins of Emotion

252

(1)

Universal Emotions and Facial Expressions

253

(7)

Facial Expressions of Emotion

253

(4)

Cultural Differences in Basic Emotions and Emotional Display

257

(3)

Social Emotions

260

(12)

Cognitive Labeling Theory

261

(3)

Five Social Emotions

264

(6)

Emotion Work

270

(2)

Summary

272

(1)

List of Key Terms and Concepts

272

(1)

Helping and Altruism

273

(26)

Introduction

274

(1)

Motivation to Help Others

275

(4)

Egoism and Cost-Reward Motivation

275

(1)

Altruism and Empathic Concern

276

(1)

Evolution and Helping

277

(2)

Characteristics of the Needy That Foster Helping

279

(3)

Acquaintanceship and Liking

279

(1)

Similarity

280

(1)

Deservingness

280

(2)

Normative Factors in Helping

282

(3)

Norms of Responsibility and Reciprocity

282

(1)

Personal Norms and Helping

283

(2)

Personal and Situational Factors in Helping

285

(3)

Modeling Effects

285

(1)

Gender Differences in Helping

286

(1)

Good and Bad Moods

286

(2)

Guilt and Helping

288

(1)

Bystander Intervention in Emergency Situations

288

(7)

The Decision to Intervene

289

(1)

The Bystander Effect

290

(2)

Costs and Emergency Intervention

292

(3)

Seeking and Receiving Help

295

(2)

Help and Obligation

295

(1)

Threats to Self-Esteem

296

(1)

Summary

297

(1)

List of Key Terms and Concepts

298

(1)

Aggression

299

(26)

Introduction

300

(1)

What Is Aggression?

300

(1)

Aggression and the Motivation to Harm

300

(4)

Aggression as Instinct

301

(1)

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

301

(2)

Aversive Emotional Arousal

303

(1)

Social Learning and Aggression

304

(1)

Characteristics of Targets That Affect Aggression

304

(5)

Gender and Race

305

(3)

Attribution for Attack

308

(1)

Retaliatory Capacity

308

(1)

Situational Impacts on Aggression

309

(3)

Reinforcements

309

(1)

Modeling

309

(1)

Norms

310

(1)

Stress

310

(1)

Aggressive Cues

311

(1)

Reducing Aggressive Behavior

312

(3)

Reducing Frustration

312

(1)

Punishment to Suppress Aggression

313

(1)

Nonaggressive Models

313

(1)

Catharsis

313

(2)

Aggression in Society

315

(9)

Sexual Assault

315

(4)

Pornography and Violence

319

(1)

Media Violence and Aggression

320

(4)

Summary

324

(1)

List of Key Terms and Concepts

324

(1)

Interpersonal Attraction and Relationships

325

(29)

Introduction

326

(1)

Who Is Available?

327

(2)

Routine Activities

327

(1)

Proximity

327

(1)

Familiarity

328

(1)

Who Is Desirable?

329

(6)

Social Norms

329

(1)

Physical Attractiveness

330

(3)

Exchange Processes

333

(2)

The Determinants of Liking

335

(3)

Similarity

336

(1)

Shared Activities

337

(1)

Reciprocal Liking

338

(1)

The Growth of Relationships

338

(5)

Self-Disclosure

339

(1)

Trust

340

(1)

Interdependence

341

(2)

Love and Loving

343

(4)

Liking Versus Loving

343

(1)

Passionate Love

343

(2)

The Romantic Love Ideal

345

(1)

Love as a Story

345

(2)

Breaking Up

347

(5)

Progress? Chaos?

347

(1)

Unequal Outcomes and Instability

347

(2)

Differential Commitment and Dissolution

349

(1)

Responses to Dissatisfaction

350

(2)

Summary

352

(1)

List of Key Terms and Concepts

353

(1)

Group Cohesion and Conformity

354

(24)

Introduction

355

(1)

What Is a Group?

355

(5)

Group Cohesion

355

(3)

Group Structure and Goals

358

(1)

Roles in Groups

358

(2)

Status of Group Members

360

(5)

Status Characteristics

360

(1)

Status Generalization

361

(2)

Expectation States Theory

363

(1)

Overcoming Status Generalization

364

(1)

Conformity to Group Norms

365

(9)

Group Norms

365

(3)

Conformity

368

(1)

Why Conform?

369

(2)

Increasing Conformity

371

(3)

Minority Influence in Groups

374

(2)

Effectiveness of Minority Influence

374

(1)

Differences Between Minority and Majority Influence

375

(1)

Summary

376

(1)

List of Key Terms and Concepts

377

(1)

Group Structure and Performance

378

(30)

Introduction

379

(1)

Group Leadership

380

(7)

Endorsement of Formal Leaders

381

(1)

Revolutionary and Conservative Coalitions

382

(1)

Activities of Leaders

383

(1)

Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness

383

(4)

Productivity and Performance

387

(6)

The Presence of Others

387

(1)

Group Size

388

(4)

Group Goals

392

(1)

Reward Distribution and Equity

393

(5)

Principles Used in Reward Distribution

393

(1)

Equity Theory

394

(1)

Task Interdependence

395

(2)

Responses to Inequity

397

(1)

Brainstorming

398

(2)

Production Blocking

399

(1)

Group Decision Making

400

(6)

Groupthink

400

(4)

Risky Shift, Cautious Shift, and Group Polarization

404

(2)

Summary

406

(1)

List of Key Terms and Concepts

407

(1)

Intergroup Conflict

408

(24)

Introduction

409

(2)

Intergroup Conflict

410

(1)

Development of Intergroup Conflict

411

(5)

Realistic Group Conflict

411

(1)

Social Identity

412

(3)

Aversive Events and Escalation

415

(1)

Persistence of Intergroup Conflict

416

(5)

Biased Perception of the Out-Group

417

(3)

Changes in Relations Between Conflicting Groups

420

(1)

Impact of Conflict on Within-Group Processes

421

(3)

Group Cohesion

421

(1)

Leadership Militancy

422

(1)

Norms and Conformity

422

(2)

Resolution of Intergroup Conflict

424

(6)

Superordinate Goals

424

(1)

Intergroup Contact

425

(1)

Mediation and Third-Party Intervention

426

(3)

Unilateral Conciliatory Initiatives

429

(1)

Summary

430

(1)

List of Key Terms and Concepts

431

(1)

Life Course and Gender Roles

432

(29)

Introduction

433

(1)

Components of the Life Course

434

(1)

Careers

434

(1)

Identities and Self-Esteem

434

(1)

Stress and Satisfaction

435

(1)

Influences on Life Course Progression

435

(4)

Biological Aging

435

(1)

Social Age Grading

436

(1)

Historical Trends and Events

437

(2)

Stages in the Life Course: Age and Gender Roles

439

(16)

Stage I: Achieving Independence

440

(2)

Stage II: Balancing Family and Work Commitments

442

(7)

Stage III: Performing Adult Roles

449

(2)

Stage IV: Coping with Loss

451

(4)

Historical Variations

455

(4)

Women's Work: Gender Role Attitudes and Behavior

455

(2)

Impact of Events

457

(2)

Summary

459

(1)

List of Key Terms and Concepts

460

(1)

Social Structure and Personality

461

(32)

Introduction

462

(1)

Status Attainment

463

(8)

Occupational Status

463

(2)

Intergenerational Mobility

465

(6)

Social Networks

471

(1)

Individual Values

471

(3)

Occupational Role

473

(1)

Education

474

(1)

Social Influences on Health

474

(14)

Physical Health

475

(4)

Mental Health

479

(9)

Alienation

488

(3)

Self-Estrangement

488

(2)

Powerlessness

490

(1)

Summary

491

(1)

List of Key Terms and Concepts

492

(1)

Deviant Behavior and Social Reaction

493

(31)

Introduction

494

(1)

The Violation of Norms

494

(9)

Norms

494

(1)

Anomie Theory

495

(3)

Control Theory

498

(3)

Differential Association Theory

501

(2)

Routine Activities Perspective

503

(1)

Reactions to Norm Violations

503

(7)

Reactions to Rule Breaking

506

(1)

Determinants of the Reaction

506

(3)

Consequences of Labeling

509

(1)

Labeling and Secondary Deviance

510

(4)

Societal Reaction

510

(3)

Secondary Deviance

513

(1)

Formal Social Controls

514

(8)

Formal Labeling and the Creation of Deviance

515

(6)

Long-Term Effects of Formal Labeling

521

(1)

Summary

522

(1)

List of Key Terms and Concepts

523

(1)

Collective Behavior and Social Movements

524

(29)

Introduction

525

(1)

Collective Behavior

525

(15)

Crowds

526

(4)

Gatherings

530

(2)

Underlying Causes of Collective Behavior

532

(3)

Precipitating Incidents

535

(1)

Empirical Studies of Riots

536

(4)

Social Movements

540

(12)

The Development of a Movement

541

(4)

Social Movement Organizations

545

(6)

The Consequences of Social Movements

551

(1)

Summary

552

(1)

List of Key Terms and Concepts

552

(1)

Glossary

553

(14)

References

567

(84)

Credits

651

(2)

Name Index

653

(22)

Subject Index

675

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Social Psychology

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials