Social Psychology of Prejudice

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ISBN: 9780130287717 | 0130287717
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 10/26/2001

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This comprehensive book helps readers understand the prejudice and discrimination that exists against various stigmatized groups. It reviews what is currently known about how their members respond to prejudice, and explores possible strategiesat the individual, group, and societal levelsfor reducing prejudice.Chapter topics examine racism, sexism, and antigay prejudice; values; stereotyping and categorization; individual differences in prejudice; inter-group relations; and stigma and identity.For anyone interested in understanding and eliminating the factors that give rise to antipathy.

Preface

Introduction to Prejudice and Discrimination

(22)

Introduction

(2)

Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination

(7)

What is Prejudice?

(2)

Prejudice Attitudes: The Affective Component

(1)

Stereotypes: The Cognitive Component of Prejudice

(2)

Discrimination: The Behavioral Component of Prejudice

(2)

Relationships Among Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination

(4)

How Are Stereotypes Related to Prejudice and Discrimination?

(2)

How Is Prejudice Related to Discrimination?

(2)

Majority and Minority Groups

(1)

Stigmas

(1)

The Relationship Between Stigma and Prejudice

(2)

Is Prejudice Invitable?

(3)

Viewpoint One: Prejudice Is Inevitable

(1)

Viewpoint Two: Prejudice Can Be Controlled

(1)

Conclusion

(2)

Racism, Sexism, and Antigay Prejudice

(26)

Introduction

(2)

Understanding Racism

(8)

What Is Race?

(1)

Race as a Biological Construction

(1)

Race as a Social Construction

(2)

Why Is Skin Color Socially Marked?

(1)

What Is Ethnicity?

(1)

What Is Racism?

(1)

Types of Racism

(1)

Individual Racism

(1)

Institutional Racism

(1)

Cultural Racism

(1)

Summary

(1)

Understanding Sexism

(7)

Gender as a Social Construction

(1)

Biological Essentialism: The Form of Scientific Prejudice

(1)

Beliefs About Men and Women

(2)

Are People Prejudiced Against Women?

(1)

Summary

(1)

Understanding Antigay Prejudice

(7)

Social Construction of Sexuality

(2)

Contemporary Attitudes Toward Gay Men and Lesbians

(2)

But Are Gay Men and Lesbians Really a Minority Group?

(2)

Summary

(1)

Conclusion

(2)

Value and Prejudice

(26)

Introduction

(1)

Have Racial Beliefs Changed?

(1)

Contemporary Theories of Racial Prejudice

(13)

Symbolic and Modern Racism Theories: Values Violation

(4)

Racial Ambivalence Theory: Conflicting Emotions

(3)

Aversive Racism Theory: Egalitarian Values and Prejudiced Beliefs

(3)

Compunction Theory: Conflicting Beliefs and Behavior

(3)

Evaluating Contemporary Theories of Racial Prejudice

(2)

Prejudice and Values

(7)

Prejudice Against Women

(3)

Prejudice Against Persons with Disabilities

(2)

Prejudice Against Fat People

(1)

Prejudice Against Gay Men and Lesbians

(1)

Conclusion

(2)

Cognitive Components of Prejudice: Stereotyping and Categorization

(36)

Introduction

(1)

Why Do People Stereotype Others?

(5)

Individual-Level Functions of Stereotypes

(1)

Cognitive Function

(1)

Ego-Defensive Function

(1)

Social Function

(1)

Group-Level Functions of Stereotypes

(1)

Group-Justification Function

(1)

System-Justification Function

(1)

How are Stereotypes Measured?

(6)

Adjective Checklist Approach

(2)

Percentage Technique

(1)

Diagnostic Ratio Method

(1)

Free-Response Approach

(2)

Response Time Measurements

(1)

How are Sterotypes Formed?

(7)

Categorization

(1)

Illusory Correlation

(2)

Social Roles

(1)

Social Transmission

(3)

What are the Consequences of Stereotypes?

(6)

Stereotypes Influence What We Attend to and What We Remember

(1)

Stereotypes Influence Our Interpretations of Events

(2)

Stereotypes Influence Our Social Interactions

(2)

Stereotype Accuracy?

100

(2)

When are We Likely to Stereotype?

102

(8)

Stage One: Stereotype Activation

102

(3)

Are Stereotypes Automatically and Inevitably Activated?

105

(1)

Stage Two: Stereotype Application

106

(1)

Cognitive Load

107

(1)

Bad Moods and Stereotypical Thinking

107

(1)

Good Moods and Stereotypical Thinking

108

(1)

Power and Stereotypical Thinking

109

(1)

Conclusion

110

(1)

Individual Differences in Prejudice

111

(18)

Introduction

111

(1)

Prejudice and Personality

112

(4)

Classic Research on the Authoritarian Personality

112

(2)

Criticisms of the Research

114

(1)

Right-Wing Authoritarianism

114

(2)

Intolerance of Ambiguity

116

(2)

Social Ideologies and Prejudice

118

(4)

Religion and Prejudice

119

(1)

Political Conservatism and Prejudice

120

(2)

Social Dominance Orientation

122

(2)

A Theory of Nonprejudice?

124

(1)

Limitations of the Individual Differences Approach

125

(2)

Underestimation of the Importance of Situational Factors

126

(1)

Failure to Account for Certain Group-Related Phenomena

126

(1)

Failure to Distinguish Description from Explanation

127

(1)

Conclusion

127

(2)

Intergroup Relations

129

(22)

Introduction

129

(1)

Intergroup Conflict, Competition, and Comparison

130

(3)

The Robbers Cave Experiment

130

(1)

Prejudice as Frustration

131

(1)

Relative Deprivation Theory

132

(1)

Social Categorization and Intergroup Relations

133

(7)

Perceptions of Out-Group Homogeneity

135

(1)

Attributional Effects

136

(1)

Linguistic Intergroup Bias

137

(3)

Theories of In-Group Identification

140

(9)

Social Identity Theory

140

(2)

Explaining the Minimal Group Experiments

142

(1)

Influences on Social Identity

143

(1)

The Dilemma of Belonging to Low-Status Groups

144

(2)

Tests of the Motivational Properties of Sit

146

(1)

Self-Categorization Theory

147

(1)

Optimal-Distinctiveness Theory

148

(1)

Summary

149

(1)

Conclusion

149

(2)

Stigma and Identity

151

(19)

Introduction

151

(1)

Stigma and Prejudice

152

(4)

Visibility

153

(1)

Controllability

154

(1)

Stigma by Association

155

(1)

Prejudice: The Target's Perspective

156

(13)

Encountering Prejudice and Discrimination

157

(1)

Attributional Ambiguity

157

(2)

Personal-Group Discrimination Discrepancy

159

(1)

Consequences of Prejudice

160

(1)

Stereotype Threat and Academic Underperformance

161

(2)

Reducing Stereotype Threat

163

(1)

Stigma and Vulnerability to Distress

164

(1)

Stigma and Self-Esteem

165

(2)

Coping with Prejudice

167

(1)

Psychological Disengagement and Disidentification

167

(1)

Behavioral Compensation

168

(1)

Conclusion

169

(1)

Reducing Prejudice

170

(20)

Introduction

170

(1)

Individual-Level Interventions

171

(3)

Stereotype Suppression

171

(2)

Self-Regulation of Prejudiced Responses

173

(1)

Group Based Interventions

174

(7)

The Contact Hypothesis

174

(1)

Cooperation

175

(1)

Equal Status

175

(1)

Acquaintance Potential

176

(1)

Institutional Support

176

(1)

Applications of Contact Theory

176

(1)

School Desegregation

176

(1)

Cooperative Learning

177

(1)

How Does Contact Change Intergroup Attitudes?

178

(1)

Models of Intergroup Contact

178

(1)

The Personalization Model: Decategorization

179

(1)

Mutual Intergroup Differentiation Model: Maintaining a Distinct Social Identity

179

(1)

Common In-Group Identity Model: Recategorization

180

(1)

An Integration

181

(1)

Societal-Level Interventions

181

(7)

Promoting Social Harmony: Assimilation or Multiculturalism?

182

(1)

Legislating Against Discrimination

183

(1)

The Case of Affirmative Actions

184

(1)

What is Affirmative Action?

184

(1)

The Affirmative Action Debate

185

(1)

Does Affirmative Action Stigmatize Beneficiary Group Members?

186

(1)

Does Affirmative Action Undermine the Self-Esteem of Women and Racial Minorities?

186

(1)

Summary

187

(1)

Is Prejudice Inevitable?

188

(2)

References

190

(31)

Index

221

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Social Psychology of Prejudice

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials