Sociolinguistic Theory
, by Chambers, J. K.Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
- ISBN: 9781405152464 | 140515246X
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 12/3/2008
The revised edition of Sociolinguistic Theory presents a critical synthesis of sociolinguistics, centering on the study of language variation and change. A revised introduction to sociolinguistic theory by one of the top scholars in the field Provides a critical synthesis of sociolinguistics that centres on the study of language variation and change, now incorporating the latest developments in the field Shows how empirical explorations have made sociolinguistics the most stimulating field in the contemporary study of language Discusses the linguistic variable and its significance, crucial social variables such as social stratification, sex, and age, and the cultural significance of linguistic variation
J. K. Chambers is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Toronto. He is co-editor of The Handbook of Language Variation and Change (with Peter Trudgill and Natalie Schilling-Estes, Wiley-Blackwell, 2002), co-author (with Peter Trudgill) of Dialectology (2nd edition, 1998), and also author of other books and scores of articles. He works extensively as a forensic consultant, and maintains a parallel vocation in jazz criticism, including the prizewinning biography Milestones: The Music and Times of Miles Davis (1998).
List of Figures | p. xiii |
List of Tables | p. xv |
Series Editor's Preface | p. xvii |
Preface to the First Edition | p. xviii |
Preface to the Second Edition | p. xxi |
Preface to the Revised Edition | p. xxii |
Acknowledgments | p. xxiii |
Correlations | p. 1 |
The Domain of Sociolinguistics | p. 2 |
Personal characteristics | p. 2 |
Linguistic styles | p. 4 |
Social characteristics | p. 6 |
Sociocultural factors | p. 8 |
Sociological factors | p. 9 |
Sociolinguistics and the sociology of language | p. 10 |
The Variable as a Structural Unit | p. 11 |
Coexistent systems and free variation | p. 12 |
The sociolinguistic enterprise | p. 14 |
Precursors | p. 14 |
Labov's New York survery | p. 16 |
Linguistic variables | p. 17 |
Independent variables | p. 17 |
Speech in the community | p. 18 |
One subject, Susan Salto | p. 19 |
All subjects in three social classes | p. 21 |
Figures and tables | p. 22 |
Variation and the Tradition of Categoricity | p. 25 |
Langue and parole | p. 25 |
The axiom of categoricity | p. 26 |
Communicative competence | p. 28 |
Linguistics without categoricity | p. 32 |
Categorical theory and variation theory | p. 34 |
Categoricity in other disciplines | p. 35 |
Class, Network, and Mobility | p. 38 |
Social Class and Sociolinguistic Sampling | p. 40 |
Blue collar and white collar | p. 41 |
Judgment samples | p. 42 |
Random samples | p. 43 |
Indexing Social Class | p. 45 |
Socioeconomic indices | p. 46 |
Subject indices | p. 48 |
The primacy of occupation as a determinant of class | p. 50 |
Class Markers | p. 53 |
Spreading the news in Westerntown | p. 53 |
Boston "short o" | p. 55 |
Norwich (a:) | p. 55 |
Grammatical variables | p. 56 |
Montreal que-deletion | p. 57 |
The Effects of Mobility | p. 58 |
Caste and class | p. 58 |
Comparative mobility | p. 58 |
Mobility in language variation | p. 59 |
Decline of Briticisms in Canadian English | p. 60 |
New York (th) and (dh) | p. 62 |
Mobility as a leveling force | p. 64 |
Homogenization | p. 65 |
/a/-deletion in Sheshatshiu | p. 66 |
/ou/ in Milton Keynes | p. 67 |
The persistence of homogenization | p. 70 |
(aw)-fronting in Canada | p. 71 |
Dialect laws of mobility and isolation | p. 73 |
Networks | p. 74 |
Norm enforcement | p. 74 |
Network and class | p. 75 |
Some network studies | p. 76 |
Measures of network bonds | p. 79 |
Sociometrics | p. 81 |
Measures of network integration | p. 83 |
Linguistic Correlates of Network Integration | p. 85 |
Phonological markers in Martha's Vineyard | p. 86 |
Grammatical markers in the Reading playgrounds | p. 87 |
Interaction of Network and Other Independent Variables | p. 89 |
Social class | p. 89 |
Sex | p. 89 |
Age | p. 90 |
Network change in Detroit | p. 90 |
Oddballs and Insiders | p. 92 |
Outsiders | p. 96 |
Lames in Harlem | p. 96 |
Ignaz in Grossdorf | p. 99 |
Aspirers | p. 100 |
A, B, and C in Articlave | p. 100 |
Samson in Anniston | p. 104 |
Interlopers | p. 106 |
Mr J in Toronto | p. 106 |
Newcomers in King of Prussia | p. 108 |
Insiders | p. 109 |
A "typical" boy in a New England village | p. 109 |
Elizabeth in Toronto | p. 110 |
Insiders as language leaders | p. 112 |
The linguistic limits of individuation | p. 113 |
Expressing Sex and Gender | p. 115 |
The Interplay of Biology and Sociology | p. 116 |
Sex and gender | p. 116 |
Some sex differences | p. 118 |
Probabilistic, not absolute, differences | p. 119 |
Vocal pitch as a sex difference | p. 119 |
Sex Patterns with Stable Variables | p. 120 |
Variable (ng) | p. 120 |
The regional variant [in] | p. 121 |
Variant [characters not reproducible n] as a sex marker | p. 122 |
Norwich (ng) | p. 122 |
Sydney (ng) | p. 123 |
Language, Gender, and Mobility in Two Communities | p. 125 |
Inner-city Detroit | p. 125 |
Variable (th) | p. 126 |
Variable (r) | p. 126 |
Multiple negation | p. 128 |
Copula deletion | p. 129 |
Gender roles in inner-city Detroit | p. 130 |
Ballymacarrett, Belfast | p. 132 |
Variable ([Lambda]) | p. 134 |
Variable (th) | p. 134 |
Variable ([epsilon]) | p. 135 |
Variable ([characters not reproducible]) | p. 135 |
Gender roles in Ballymacarrett | p. 135 |
Sex and Gender Differences in Language | p. 136 |
Gender-based variability | p. 136 |
Isolation and gender roles | p. 138 |
Shifting roles in coastal South Carolina | p. 139 |
Mobility and gender roles | p. 140 |
Sex-based variability | p. 141 |
MC blurring of gender roles | p. 141 |
"Status consciousness" | p. 142 |
"Face" | p. 144 |
Sociolinguistic ability | p. 145 |
Verbal ability | p. 146 |
Psychological explanations | p. 147 |
Sex differences | p. 148 |
Insignificance of individual differences | p. 149 |
Male and Female Speech Patterns in Other Societies | p. 151 |
Limits on female-male differences | p. 151 |
Putative differences in Japan | p. 152 |
The Middle East | p. 154 |
(q) in Cairo, Amman, and elsewhere | p. 155 |
A gender-based explanation | p. 156 |
Prestige and standard varieties | p. 157 |
Linguistic Evidence for Sex and Gender Differences | p. 158 |
Accents in Time | p. 159 |
Aging | p. 160 |
Physical and cultural indicators | p. 160 |
Some linguistic indicators | p. 162 |
The Acquisition of Sociolects | p. 165 |
Three formative periods | p. 166 |
Development of stylistic and social variants | p. 166 |
Style-shifting by Edinburgh schoolboys | p. 167 |
Communal patterns in Scottish 10-year-olds | p. 168 |
Emerging African American phonology in Washington | p. 169 |
Family and Friends | p. 170 |
Dialect acquisition | p. 172 |
Six Canadians in England | p. 172 |
British twins in Australia | p. 174 |
Generational differences in bilingual situations | p. 175 |
Language shift in Oberwart, Austria | p. 175 |
Loan words in Spanish Harlem | p. 177 |
Parents versus peers | p. 180 |
Declarations of Adolescence | p. 181 |
An adolescent majority | p. 181 |
Outer markings including slang | p. 182 |
Adolescent networks and linguistic variation | p. 184 |
Jocks and Burnouts in Detroit | p. 185 |
Burnouts and Rednecks in Farmer City | p. 187 |
Young Adults in the Talk Market | p. 189 |
The marche linguistique | p. 190 |
"Legitimized language" in Montreal | p. 191 |
Auxiliary avoir and etre | p. 192 |
Playing the talk market | p. 194 |
Linguistic stability in middle and old age | p. 197 |
Changes in Progress | p. 198 |
Age-grading | p. 200 |
Zee and zed in southern Ontario | p. 201 |
Glottal stops in Glasgow | p. 203 |
Real time and apparent time | p. 206 |
Real-time changes in Tsuruoka | p. 207 |
An apparent-time change in Milwaukee | p. 211 |
Testing the apparent-time hypothesis | p. 213 |
Slower progress at higher frequencies: (e) in Norwich | p. 213 |
Verifying inferences about change: (CH) in Panama | p. 217 |
Adaptive Significance of Language Variation | p. 220 |
The Babelian Hypothesis | p. 221 |
The evidence of subjective reaction tests | p. 222 |
Teachers' evaluations of students | p. 223 |
Employers' evaluations of job candidates | p. 223 |
Dialect as a source of conflict | p. 224 |
Global Counteradaptivity and Local Adaptivity | p. 225 |
Counteradaptivity and power | p. 226 |
Adaptivity and community | p. 227 |
Dialects in Lower Animals | p. 229 |
Buzzy and Clear white-crowned sparrows | p. 229 |
The theory of genetic adaptation | p. 231 |
The theory of social adaptation | p. 233 |
The Persistence of the Non-Standard | p. 234 |
Covert prestige | p. 235 |
Status and solidarity | p. 238 |
Jewish and MC accents in Montreal | p. 238 |
High and low accents in Guangzhou | p. 239 |
Traditional Theories of the Sources of Diversity | p. 240 |
Variation and climates | p. 241 |
Variation and contact | p. 243 |
The prevalence of diversity | p. 244 |
A Sociolinguistic Theory of the Sources of Diversity | p. 245 |
Linguistic diversity and social strata | p. 246 |
Two tenets about standard dialects | p. 247 |
Naturalness and economy | p. 248 |
Medial /t/ | p. 249 |
Economy as a general linguistic force | p. 250 |
Morpheme-final consonant clusters | p. 251 |
Standard and non-standard (CC) | p. 251 |
Naturalness beyond phonetics | p. 252 |
The principle of conjugation regularization | p. 253 |
Standard and non-standard conjugation regularization | p. 255 |
Two constraints on variation in standard dialects | p. 257 |
Vernacular Roots | p. 258 |
Diffusionist and structural explanations | p. 259 |
Problems with the diffusionist position | p. 259 |
The internal-structural position | p. 261 |
Primitive and learned features | p. 263 |
Obstruent devoicing in second-language learning | p. 263 |
Devoicing and voicing medial /t/ | p. 264 |
Sociolinguistic implications | p. 265 |
Linguistic Variation and Social Identity | p. 266 |
Notes | p. 270 |
References | p. 274 |
Index | p. 294 |
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