Sociology

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ISBN: 9780534240707 | 0534240704
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 8/1/1996

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Includes 20 study questions per chapter, concept application and applied research sections, Practice Quizzes with answers so that students can assess their own progress, a continuing education section features films, further reading, Internet resources and InfoTrac exercises.

Doing Sociology
What Is Sociology?	p. 1
The Sociological Imagination	p. 4
Looking at Individual Experiences with a Sociological Perspective	p. 4
Dispassionately Looking at the Passion of Life	p. 5
A Passionate Science: How Sociology Developed	p. 6
Responding to Social Ferment: The Classical Theorists	p. 7
Building Concepts: The Perspectives of Four Major Classical Theorists	p. 13
Sociology Today	p. 16
Building Concepts: Macrolevel, Mesolevel, and Microlevel Analysis	p. 17
Discovering Sociology: Three Key Themes	p. 19
Sociologists at Work: Janet Chafetz	p. 20
Methodology and Social Research	p. 25
Asking Questions: The Logic of Social Research	p. 27
Steps in Research	p. 27
Variables, Correlation, and Causation	p. 30
Gathering Data: Observing Social Structure and Social Action	p. 32
Sampling: Choosing Cases to Study	p. 32
Measurement: Finding Real-Life Indicators of Theoretical Concepts	p. 32
Observation: Gathering Data on the Social World	p. 33
Answering Questions: Data Analysis and Theory Revisions	p. 38
Analyzing the Data	p. 38
Asking More Questions	p. 39
Applying Sociology to Social Issues: Being an Aware Consumer of Sociology in the Media	p. 40
Ethical Issues in Research	p. 42
Protecting Research Subjects	p. 42
Sociologists at Work: Lawrence Sherman	p. 43
Separating Personal Views and Research Findings	p. 43
Individuals and Society
Culture and Ethnicity	p. 49
Cultural Universals and Variability	p. 51
Caring for Children and Each Other	p. 52
Making Sense of the World	p. 54
Explaining Cultural Variations and Regularities	p. 55
Understanding Cultural Dynamics	p. 57
Building Concepts: Structural Functionalism and Cultural Materialism	p. 57
Culture at the Microlevel: Cultural Identity	p. 58
A Nation of Subcultures	p. 58
Cultural Identity and Ethnocentrism	p. 59
Understanding Ethnic Groups and Subcultures: The Chicago School	p. 60
Ethnic Identity in the United States Today	p. 62
Featured Research Study: Creating Ethnic Identities	p. 63
Sociologists at Work: Mary Waters	p. 66
Applying Sociology to Social Issues: Measuring Ethnic Identity and Race-Ethnicity	p. 67
Ethnic Identity: Limited Choices for People of Color	p. 68
Socialization and the Life Course	p. 73
Becoming Part of the Social World	p. 75
The Interaction of Biology and Environment	p. 76
Social Networks and Social Roles	p. 77
Targets and Agents of Socialization	p. 78
Early Socialization: Interactions with Parents and Peers	p. 78
Theoretical Perspectives on Learning and Development	p. 79
Developing a Notion of the Self	p. 83
Building Concepts: Theoretical Perspectives on Learning and Development	p. 83
Aspects of the Self: A Developmental View	p. 83
Social Roles and Self-Identity	p. 85
Featured Research Study: Developing Gender Schemas: The Influence of Peer Groups	p. 87
Sociologists at Work: Gary Fine	p. 89
Socialization Through the Life Course	p. 90
Developmental Change or Age Effects	p. 90
History or Period Effects	p. 91
Peer Group or Cohort Effects	p. 92
Applying Sociology to Social Issues: Developing Healthy Children	p. 94
Social Interaction and Social Relationships	p. 99
Linking Social Actors: Social Networks	p. 101
Opportunities and Constraints in Networks	p. 102
Social Capital	p. 103
Creating Social Structure Through Interactions: Three Perspectives	p. 104
Balancing Costs and Benefits: Exchange Theory	p. 104
Norms Associated with our Place in Society: Role Theory	p. 106
Taking Others' Roles: Symbolic Interaction Theory	p. 108
Building Concepts: Exchange Theory, Role Theory, and Symbolic Interactionism	p. 109
Producing Social Structure Through Interactions: Nonverbal and Verbal Communication	p. 110
Actions and Social Ties: Nonverbal Interaction	p. 111
Words and Social Ties: Verbal Interaction	p. 112
Interactions in Groups: The Influence of Status Characteristics	p. 113
Expectation States Theory	p. 114
Featured Research Study: Overcoming Status Generalizations	p. 116
Sociologists at Work: Elizabeth Cohen	p. 118
Status Attainment: Social Networks, Social Interaction, and Life Chances	p. 118
Applying Sociology to Social Issues: Status Characteristics and Effective Group Interactions
Deviance and Social Control	p. 125
Defining Deviance	p. 127
Patterns of Deviance: Crime in the United States	p. 129
Defining and Measuring Crime	p. 129
Changes in Crime over Time	p. 131
Patterns in Victimization	p. 132
The Inevitability of Deviance: The Classical Theorists	p. 133
Durkheim: Deviance and the Collective Consciousness	p. 134
Marx: Social Control and Maintenance of Power	p. 134
Weber: Legitimation of Social Control	p. 135
Building Concepts: Perspectives on Deviance and Social Control	p. 136
Explaining Deviant Actions: Contemporary Middle-Range Theories	p. 137
Deviance as the Result of Interactions: Labeling Theory	p. 137
Positions within Society: Strain Theory	p. 138
The Importance of Peer Groups: Differential Association and Subcultures of Deviance	p. 140
Relationships and Social Bonds: Control Theory	p. 140
Sociologists at Work: Freda Adler	p. 144
Featured Research Study: Deviance and Crime over the Life Course	p. 145
Applying Sociology to Social Issues: Street Kids, Social Capital, and Deviant Behavior
Social Inequality
Social Stratification	p. 153
Social Stratification in the United States	p. 155
Stratification in Local Communities: Yankee City	p. 155
Measuring Prestige and Social Class Today	p. 157
Why Does Stratification Exist? Four Theoretical Perspectives	p. 159
Economic Exploitation: Marxian Views	p. 159
Bargaining Power in the Economy: Weber's Views	p. 162
Building Concepts: Why Does Stratification Exist?	p. 163
Supply and Demand of Special Skills: A Functionalist Perspective	p. 163
Societal Complexity and Technology: Lenski's Views	p. 165
The American Dream: Mobility, Poverty, Wealth, and Power	p. 170
Social Mobility	p. 170
Poverty and Inequality	p. 172
Applying Sociology to Socila Issues: Childhood Poverty: Looking at Other Countries
Featured Research Study: The Wealthy in America	p. 176
Sociologists at Work: Michael Allen	p. 177
Racial-Ethnic Stratification	p. 185
Racial-Ethnic Groups and Stratification in the United States	p. 189
Racial-Ethnic Groups in the U.S. Population	p. 189
Racial-Ethnic Stratification and Social Stratification	p. 190
Social Structure and Racial-Ethnic Stratification	p. 192
The Pre-Civil War South: The Plantation Economy and Racial-Caste Oppression	p. 192
The Civil War to World War II: Industrialization, Segregation, and a Split Labor Market	p. 193
World War II to the Present: Advanced Industrialization and a Segmented Occupational Structure	p. 195
Sociologists at Work: William Julius Wilson	p. 201
Individual Discrimination: Social Actions and Racial-Ethnic Stratification	p. 202
Prejudiced Attitudes	p. 202
Discriminatory Actions	p. 204
Prejudice and Discrimination in Everyday Life	p. 205
Prejudice and "Group Threat": Linking Macro- and Microlevels of Analysis to Diminish Prejudice	p. 207
Featured Research Study: Group Threat and Racial-Ethnic Prejudice: The Work of Lincoln Quillian	p. 207
Decreasing Group Threat in Everyday Interactions: The Contact Hypothesis	p. 209
Applying Sociology to Social Issues: Creating an Equitable Environment: The Case of the United States Army	p. 211
Gender Stratification	p. 215
Comparing Gender, Racial-Ethnic, and Social Stratification	p. 219
Gender Segregation and Stratification	p. 219
Gender Stratification in Preindustrial Societies	p. 220
Gender Stratification in Contemporary Societies	p. 221
Explaining Gender Segregation and Stratification	p. 229
Sociologists at Work: Paula England	p. 230
The Structure of the Occupational World	p. 231
Social Actions of Employers and Employees	p. 231
Building Concepts Macrolevel and Microlevel Theories on Gender Segregation and Stratification	p. 232
A Psychoanalytic View of Gender Stratification	p. 233
Sociologists at Work: Michael Kimmel	p. 234
Featured Research Study: Testing Psychoanalytic Theory	p. 235
Applying Sociology to Social Issues: Understanding Sexual Harassment	p. 238
Social Organizations and Social Institutions
The Family	p. 243
Defining Social Institutions	p. 245
Sociological Study of the Family	p. 247
Variations in Family Forms: A Macrolevel View	p. 247
Cross-Cultural Variations in the Family	p. 248
The Changing Family in the United States	p. 251
The Family as a Social Group: A Mesolevel View	p. 257
Family Structure: A Combination of Statuses	p. 257
Family Roles: Obligations and Expectations	p. 258
Family Development: Changes over Time	p. 259
The Family and Individuals: A Microlevel View	p. 261
Studying Single-Parent Families: A Politically Sensitive Issue	p. 262
Building Concepts: Macrolevel, Mesolevel, and Microlevel Analysis of the Family	p. 262
Featured Research Study: Taking a Dispassionate Approach to the Issue of Single-Parent Families	p. 264
Applying Sociology to Social Issues: Helping Children in Disrupted Families	p. 267
Sociologists at Work: Murray Straus	p. 268
Formal Organizations	p. 273
Bureaucracies as an Ideal Type: Weber's Classical View	p. 277
Characteristics of Bureaucracies	p. 277
Dysfunctions of Bureaucracies	p. 278
Organizations: A Mesolevel Analysis	p. 279
Structure	p. 280
Technology	p. 283
Organizational Culture	p. 284
Organizational Environments: A Macrolevel View	p. 285
Adapting to the Environment	p. 285
Sociologists at Work: James Lincoln	p. 286
Surviving the Environment	p. 288
Organizations and Individuals: A Microlevel Perspective	p. 290
Featured Research Study: Building Successful Organizations: The Importance of Structure, Environment, and Leadership	p. 293
Applying Sociology to Social Issues: Creating Humane Organizations	p. 297
Religion	p. 301
The Sociological Study of Religion	p. 303
Religious Beliefs and Economies: A Macrolevel View	p. 305
Religious Beliefs Around the World	p. 305
Religious Economies	p. 307
Sociologists at Work: Andrew Greeley	p. 310
Religious Organizations: A Mesolevel View	p. 312
Religious Organizations in the Judeo-Christian Tradition	p. 312
Cults or New Religious Movements	p. 317
Individuals' Beliefs and Religious Choices: A Microlevel View	p. 318
Featured Research Study: Lapsed Presbyterians	p. 319
Building Concepts: Social Networks, Subcultures, and Rational Choice Theory	p. 322
Sociologists at Work: Benton Johnson	p. 323
Applying Sociology to Social Issues: Religious Conflict and Religious Identity	p. 326
The Political World	p. 331
Power, Public Goods, and the Political World	p. 334
Individual Influence: A Microlevel View	p. 336
Choosing to Participate: Who Actually Votes?	p. 336
Beyond Voting: Who Is Politically Active?	p. 339
Pluralist or Elitist: Two Macrolevel Views of the Power Structure	p. 340
Power as Competing Interests: The Pluralist View	p. 341
The Power of the Few: The Elitist View	p. 342
Building Concepts: Microlevel, Mesolevel, and Macrolevel Analyses of the Political World	p. 345
Interactions Between Organizations: A Mesolevel View of the Political World	p. 346
The Nature of PACs	p. 346
Featured Research Study: The Political Power of Business	p. 347
Sociologists at Work: Dan Clawson	p. 351
Applying Sociology to Social Issues: Voting in the United States and in Other Countries	p. 353
The Economy	p. 358
Sociological Study of the Economy	p. 360
The Economy: A Macrolevel View	p. 363
Resources, Geography, and Economic Opportunities	p. 365
Technology and Economic Opportunities	p. 366
The Political World and Economic Activity	p. 367
Building Concepts: Capitalism and Socialism	p. 368
Industries and Organizations: A Mesolevel View	p. 372
Industries	p. 372
Work Organizations	p. 376
Featured Research Study: Work and Careers as Social Relationships: A Microlevel View	p. 380
Sociologists at Work: Mark Granovetter	p. 384
Applying Sociology to Social Issues: Can Ethnic Enclaves Promote Economic Success?	p. 388
Education	p. 391
The Development of Mass Schooling: A Macrolevel View	p. 394
Mass Schooling as a Worldwide Phenomenon	p. 395
Explanations for the Development of Mass Schooling: Societal Functions Versus Schools as Organizations	p. 398
Promoting School Achievement: Microlevel Analyses	p. 402
Family Interactions and Educational Achievement	p. 402
Peer Interactions and Educational Effort	p. 404
Teacher-Student Interactions and Educational Achievement	p. 404
Increasing the Effectiveness of School: Mesolvel Analyses	p. 406
The Effectiveness of Catholic Schools	p. 406
Building Concepts: Microlevel, Mesolevel, and Macrolevel Analyses of Education	p. 408
Featured Research Study Effective Schools: Multiple Approaches	p. 408
Sociologists at Work: Joyce Epstein	p. 412
Applying Sociology to Social Issues: Building Better Schools	p. 415
Health and Society	p. 419
The Health of Individuals: A Microlevel Perspective	p. 422
Placement on the Health Hierarchy	p. 422
Stress and Health	p. 424
Health -Related Behavior	p. 426
The Organization of Health Care: Mesolevel Analyses	p. 428
The "Fee-for-Service" System of the United States	p. 429
Systems of Guaranteed Health Care	p. 433
Health and Global Stratification: A Macrolevel Perspective	p. 433
Historical Changes in Health and Disease	p. 434
Health and Global Stratification	p. 435
Featured Research Study Inequality and the Health of Nations -- The Work of Richard G. Wilkinson	p. 438
Applying Sociology to Social Issues: Changing the Health Care System in the United States: The Polity at Work	p. 440
Sociologists at Work: William C. Cockerham	p. 442
Social Change
Population	p. 447
Looking at Populations: Demographic Data	p. 451
Gathering Demographic Data	p. 451
Using Demographic Data	p. 451
Population Growth: Balancing Fertility and Mortality	p. 455
Tracing Patterns in Population Growth: Pre-Industrial versus Industrializing Societies	p. 456
Modeling Population Changes: Demographic Transition Theory	p. 459
Explaining Declines in Fertility	p. 460
The Effect of Population Changes	p. 461
Age Structures and Dependency	p. 461
Economic Opportunities and Constraints	p. 464
Environmental Costs	p. 465
The Wild Card of Migration	p. 467
Building Concepts: Gathering and Analyzing Demographic Data	p. 469
Featured Research Study: Social Action and Population Change	p. 470
Applying Sociology to Social Issues: Baby Boomers and Retirement	p. 473
Sociologists at Work: Judith Treas	p. 474
Communities and Urbanization	p. 479
Urbanization and Changes in Communities	p. 483
Urbanization in the United States	p. 483
Urbanization in Developing Countries	p. 484
Sustaining Communities in Modern Cities	p. 487
Theories of Urbanization and Community	p. 487
Research on Urbanization and Community	p. 488
Urban Structures and Opportunities and Constraints	p. 493
Social Ecology and the Structure of Cities	p. 493
Building Concepts: Three Models of City Growth	p. 494
Neighborhood Segregation	p. 495
Featured Research Study: Urban Segregation	p. 496
Sociologists at Work: Douglas Massey	p. 500
Applying Sociology to Social Issues: How Can Residential Segregation Be Reduced?	p. 502
Technology and Social Change	p. 508
Technology, The Environment, and Social Institutions	p. 511
Changing Societies: A Long-Range View	p. 513
The First Revolution: Domestication of Plants and Animals	p. 513
The Second Revolution: Invention of the Plow	p. 514
The Third Revolution: The Steam Engine	p. 515
A Fourth Revolution? The Global Information Age	p. 516
Featured Research Study: The Telephone, Social Action, and Social Change--The Work of Claude Fischer	p. 518
Sociologists at Work: Claude Fischer	p. 521
Applying Sociology to Social Issues: How Can Change Efforts Be Effective?
Social Change and Technology in a Global Perspective	p. 524
Modernization	p. 526
Rural Development, Land Reform, and Sustainable Development	p. 526
Collective Behavior and Social Movements	p. 531
Collective Behavior: People Acting Together	p. 533
Collective Behavior and Other Group Behavior	p. 534
Explaining Collective Behavior	p. 535
Social Movements: Creating Social Change	p. 536
Featured Research Study: The Environmental Movement as a Social Movement	p. 538
Building Concepts: Macrolevel, Mesolevel, and Microlevel Analyses of Social Movements	p. 545
A Final Word	p. 547
Sociologists at Work: Riley Dunlap	p. 548
Applying Sociology to Social Issues: Can the Practice of Female Genital Mutilation Be Changed	p. 550
Notes	p. 555
Glossary	p. 571
References	p. 583
Photo Credits	p. 619
Index	p. 621
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Sociology

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