Software Engineering for Image Processing Systems

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ISBN: 9780849313769 | 0849313767
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/28/2003

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Image processing systems are found everywhere-in digital cameras, photocopying systems, scanners, video games, medical and industrial imaging systems, and military applications, to name but a few examples. It has become apparent that a software engineering book devoted to image processing applications is long overdue.Software Engineering for Image Processing Systems creates a modern engineering framework for the specification, design, coding, testing, and maintenance of image processing software and systems. The text is designed to benefit not only software engineers, but also the many workers with backgrounds in mathematics, the physical sciences, or other engineering disciplines, who find themselves working on a software project team.The author classifies imaging software as its own distinct caste, thereby providing a common language and framework for imaging engineers of all backgrounds. This common framework could, in turn, lead to more robust, reliable, and economical software throughout the imaging industry.With qualifying course adoptions, a set of 200 power point slides designed for classroom use is available for download from the Internet.

Software Engineering: An Overview	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
A Case for a Software Engineering Approach to Building Imaging Systems	p. 2
The Role of the Software Engineer	p. 3
The Nature of Software for Imaging Systems	p. 4
Case Study: A Visual Inspection System	p. 5
Misconceptions about Software Engineering	p. 7
Exercises	p. 8
Imaging Software and Its Properties	p. 9
Classification of Software Qualities	p. 9
Reliability	p. 9
Correctness	p. 12
Performance	p. 12
Usability	p. 13
Interoperability	p. 13
Maintainability	p. 13
Portability	p. 14
Verifiability	p. 14
Summary of Software Properties and Associated Metrics	p. 14
Basic Software Engineering Principles	p. 15
Rigor and Formality	p. 15
Separation of Concerns	p. 15
Modularity	p. 15
Anticipation of Change	p. 18
Generality	p. 20
Incrementality	p. 20
Traceability	p. 20
Exercises	p. 22
Software Process and Life Cycle Models	p. 23
Software Processes and Methodologies	p. 23
Software Life Cycle Models	p. 23
The Waterfall Model	p. 24
Software Conception	p. 25
Requirements Specification	p. 25
Software Design	p. 26
Software Development	p. 26
Testing	p. 27
Software Maintenance	p. 27
Backtracking Transitions in the Waterfall Life Cycle	p. 27
Waterfall Model Summary	p. 28
V Model	p. 28
The Spiral Model	p. 28
Evolutionary Model	p. 30
Incremental Model	p. 31
Fountain Model	p. 31
Lightweight Methodologies	p. 32
Unified Process Model	p. 34
Capability Maturity Model	p. 34
CMM-1: Initial	p. 34
CMM-2: Repeatable	p. 34
CMM-3: Defined	p. 35
CMM-4: Managed	p. 35
CMM-5: Optimizing	p. 35
CMM-I	p. 35
Prototyping and Risk	p. 35
Software Standards	p. 36
DOD-STD-2167A	p. 37
DOD-STD-498	p. 37
ISO 9000-3	p. 38
ISO/IEC	p. 39
Exercises	p. 40
Software Requirements	p. 41
Requirements Engineering Process	p. 41
Types of Requirements	p. 42
Requirements Users	p. 43
Formal Methods in Software Specification	p. 44
Limitations of Formal Methods	p. 45
Z	p. 46
Finite State Machines	p. 46
Statecharts	p. 49
Petri Nets	p. 51
Specification of Imaging Systems: A Survey of Current Practices	p. 53
Multiresolution Block-Matching System Specification Using a Block Diagram and Flowchart	p. 55
Collision Testing of Graphical Objects Using Pseudo-Code	p. 56
Functional Representation of Machine Vision System Using a Structured Approach	p. 56
Markov Random Fields Image Reconstruction Using Object-Oriented Design	p. 57
Case Study	p. 58
Structured Analysis and Design	p. 59
Structured Analysis	p. 59
Object-Oriented Analysis	p. 61
Object-Oriented vs. Structured Analysis	p. 62
Recommendations on Specification Approach for Imaging Systems	p. 64
Organizing the Requirements Document	p. 64
Writing Good Requirements	p. 66
Requirements Validation and Review	p. 67
Some Surprises about Current Software Specification Practices	p. 68
Surprise 1	p. 68
Surprise 2	p. 68
Surprise 3	p. 68
Surprise 4	p. 69
Exercises	p. 69
Software System Design	p. 71
The Design Activity	p. 71
Procedural-Oriented Design	p. 72
Parnas Partitioning	p. 72
Structured Design	p. 74
Transitioning from Structured Analysis to Structured Design	p. 74
Data Dictionaries	p. 76
Problems with SASD in Imaging Applications	p. 77
Real-Time Extensions of SASD	p. 78
Design in Procedural Form Using Finite State Machines	p. 78
Object-Oriented Design	p. 80
Benefits of Object Orientation	p. 81
Open-Closed Principle	p. 81
Once and Only Once	p. 82
Dependency Inversion Principle	p. 82
Liskov Substitution Principle	p. 82
Design Patterns	p. 83
Object-Oriented Design Using Unified Modeling Language	p. 84
Modeling Time Explicitly	p. 84
Visual Inspection System Case Study	p. 88
Hardware Considerations in Imaging System Design	p. 93
Processors	p. 94
Non-von Neumann Architectures	p. 95
Single Instruction Single Data	p. 95
Single Instruction Multiple Data	p. 95
Multiple Instruction Single Data	p. 96
Multiple Instruction Multiple Data	p. 96
Interrupt Handling	p. 96
Memory	p. 97
Input and Output	p. 97
Fault-Tolerant Design	p. 99
Spatial Fault Tolerance	p. 99
Using a Kalman Filter in the Case Study System	p. 99
Checkpoints	p. 102
Recovery Blocks	p. 102
Software Black Boxes	p. 104
N-Version Programming	p. 105
Built-In Test Software	p. 105
CPU Testing	p. 106
Memory Testing	p. 106
Other Devices	p. 107
Exercises	p. 107
The Software Production Process	p. 109
Programming Languages	p. 109
Parameter Passing Techniques	p. 110
Call-by-Value and Call-by-Reference	p. 110
Global Variables	p. 110
Recursion	p. 111
Dynamic Memory Allocation	p. 111
Typing	p. 112
Exception Handling	p. 112
Modularity	p. 113
Brief Survey of Languages	p. 114
Ada 95	p. 114
Assembly Language	p. 115
C	p. 115
C++	p. 116
Fortran	p. 116
Java	p. 117
Writing and Testing Code	p. 118
Example: The Unix/Linux C Compiler	p. 119
Handling Compiler Errors	p. 120
Some Debugging Tips: Unit-Level Testing	p. 120
Extended Syntax and Semantic Checking	p. 120
Symbolic Debugging	p. 121
Test-First Coding	p. 122
Know the Compiler	p. 122
Coding Standards	p. 123
Reviews and Audits	p. 124
Documentation	p. 126
Exercises	p. 127
Software Measurement and Testing	p. 129
The Role of Metrics	p. 129
Lines of Code	p. 129
McCabe's Metric	p. 130
Measuring Software Complexity	p. 130
Determining the Limit on Number of Test Cases	p. 132
Halstead's Metrics	p. 132
Function Points	p. 133
Feature Points	p. 137
Metrics for Object-Oriented Software	p. 137
Objections to Metrics	p. 138
Faults, Failures, and Bugs	p. 138
The Role of Testing	p. 139
Testing Techniques	p. 139
Unit-Level Testing	p. 139
Black Box Testing	p. 139
White Box Testing	p. 141
Testing Object-Oriented Software	p. 142
System-Level Testing	p. 142
Cleanroom Testing	p. 143
Stress Testing	p. 143
Design of Testing Plans	p. 144
Exercises	p. 144
Hardware-Software Integration and Maintenance	p. 145
Goals of System Integration	p. 145
System Unification	p. 145
System Verification	p. 146
System Integration Tools	p. 146
Multimeter	p. 147
Oscilloscope	p. 147
Logic Analyzer	p. 147
Timing Instructions	p. 148
Timing Code	p. 148
In-Circuit Emulator	p. 149
Software Simulators	p. 149
Hardware Prototypes	p. 149
Software Integration	p. 150
A Simple Integration Strategy	p. 150
Patching	p. 150
The Probe Effect	p. 152
Postintegration Software Optimization	p. 153
CPU Utilization Estimation	p. 153
Execution Time Estimation	p. 154
Scaled Numbers	p. 154
Binary Angular Measure	p. 155
Look-Up Tables	p. 155
Imprecise Computation	p. 157
Optimizing Memory Usage	p. 157
A Software Reengineering Process Model	p. 157
A Maintenance Process Model	p. 158
Software Reuse	p. 159
When Not to Reuse	p. 160
Achieving Reuse	p. 160
In Procedural Languages	p. 161
In Object-Oriented Languages	p. 162
Pareto's Principle	p. 162
The Second System Effect	p. 162
Code and Program Maintenance	p. 163
Exercises	p. 163
Management of Software Projects	p. 165
Why Software Project Management?	p. 165
Software Project Management Themes	p. 166
General Project Management Basics	p. 166
What Does the Project Manager Control?	p. 166
Software Project Management	p. 167
Managing and Mitigating Risks	p. 168
Personnel Management	p. 169
The n-Body Problem	p. 170
Some Approaches to Leading Teams	p. 171
Theory X	p. 171
Theory Y	p. 171
Theory Z	p. 171
Theory W	p. 172
Principle-Centered Leadership	p. 173
Management by Sight	p. 173
Management by Objectives	p. 173
Dealing with Difficult People	p. 174
Assessment of Project Personnel	p. 174
Skills Testing	p. 174
Recommended Practices	p. 175
Tracking and Reporting Progress	p. 177
Gantt Chart	p. 177
Critical Path Method	p. 178
Program Evaluation and Review Technique	p. 179
Cost Estimation Using COCOMO	p. 180
Basic COCOMO	p. 180
Intermediate and Detailed COCOMO	p. 182
COCOMO II	p. 183
Exercises	p. 183
Glossary	p. 185
References	p. 203
Index	p. 209
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Software Engineering for Image Processing Systems

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