Software Evolution and Feedback Theory and Practice

, by Madhavji, Nazim H.; Fernandez-Ramil, Juan; Perry, Dewayne

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ISBN: 9780470871805 | 0470871806
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Copyright: 5/18/2006

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Evolution of software has long been recognized as one of the most problematic and challenging areas in the field of software engineering, as evidenced by the high, often up to 60-80%, life-cycle costs attributed to this activity over the life of a software system. Studies of software evolution are central to the understanding and practice of software development. Yet it has received relatively little attention in the field of software engineering. This book focuses on topics aimed at giving a scientific insight into the aspect of software evolution and feedback. In summary, the book covers conceptual, phenomenological, empirical, technological and theoretical aspects of the field of software evolution - with contributions from the leading experts. This book delivers an up-to-date scientific understanding of what software evolution is, to show why it is inevitable for real world applications, and it demonstrates the role of feedback in software development and maintenance. The book also addresses some of the phenomenological and technological underpinnings and includes rules and guidelines for increased software evolvability and, in general, sustainability of the evolution process. Software Evolution and Feedback provides a long overdue, scientific focus on software evolution and the role of feedback in the software process, making this the indispensable guide for all software practitioners, researchers and managers in the software industry.

Foreword

xix

Preface

xxi

Acknowledgements

xxvii

Editors' Biographies

xxix

List of Contributors

xxxi

PART ONE SOFTWARE EVOLUTION

(358)

1 Software Evolution

(34)

Meir Lehman and Juan C. Fernández-Ramil

1.1 Introduction

(1)

1.1.1 Evolution

(1)

1.1.2 Interpretation of the Term Evolution in the Context of Software

(1)

1.2 The Evolution of Large Software Systems

(2)

1.2.1 Early Work

(1)

1.2.2 Large Programs

(1)

1.3 Program Classification

(3)

1.3.1 The SPE Program Classification Schema

(1)

1.3.2 S-type Applications and Software

(2)

1.3.3 E-type Applications and Software

(1)

1.3.4 P-type Situations and Software

(1)

1.4 The Inevitability of Evolution

(1)

1.5 Levels of Software-Related Evolution

(2)

1.6 Ab Initio Implementation or Change

(6)

1.6.1 Process Steps

(1)

1.6.2 The LST Paradigm

(1)

1.6.3 Phenomenological Analysis of Real-World Computer Usage

(1)

1.6.4 Theoretical Underpinning

(1)

1.6.5 The Value of Formalisms and of Verification

(1)

1.6.6 Bounding

(1)

1.6.7 The Consequence: Continual System Evolution

(1)

1.6.8 Summary

(1)

1.6.9 Principle of Software Uncertainty

(1)

1.7 Software Systems Evolution

(5)

1.7.1 Early Work

(1)

1.7.2 FEAST

(1)

1.7.3 The Growth Trend

(1)

1.7.4 Evolution Drivers

(1)

1.7.5 Relationship Between the Above Levels of Evolution

(1)

1.7.6 Evolutionary Development

(1)

1.8 Evolution of the Application and Its Domain

(1)

1.9 Process Evolution

(4)

1.9.1 Software Processes as Systems

(1)

1.9.2 Process Improvement

(1)

1.9.3 The Theoretical Approach

(1)

1.9.4 Evolving Specifications

(1)

1.9.5 The Empirical Approach

(1)

1.9.6 Laws of Software Evolution

(1)

1.9.7 The Ephemeral Process

(1)

1.10 Process Model Evolution

(3)

1.10.1 The Nature of the Software Process

(1)

1.10.2 Process Models

(1)

1.10.3 Software Process Models

(1)

1.10.4 Process Improvement

(2)

1.10.5 Links Between Process and Process Model Evolution

(1)

1.11 Relationships Between Levels

(2)

1.11.1 The Software/Software Process Contrast

(1)

1.11.2 The Software Process/Process Model Contrast

(1)

1.12 Conclusions

(1)

1.13 Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(4)

2 A Nontraditional View of the Dimensions of Software Evolution

(12)

Dewayne E. Perry

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 The Domains

(2)

2.2.1 The Real World and Its Model

(1)

2.2.2 The Model and the Derived Specification

(1)

2.2.3 Theory

(1)

2.3 Experience

(3)

2.3.1 Feedback

(1)

2.3.2 Experimentation

(1)

2.3.3 Understanding

(1)

2.4 Process

(2)

2.4.1 Methods

(1)

2.4.2 Technology

(1)

2.4.3 Organization

(1)

2.5 Summary

(1)

2.6 Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(2)

3 IT Legacy Systems: Enabling Environments That Reduce the Legacy Problem: A Complexity Perspective

(18)

Professor Eve Mitleton-Kelly

3.1 Introduction

(2)

3.2 The Legacy Problem

(3)

3.2.1 Feedback

(1)

3.2.2 Co-evolution

(1)

3.2.3 The Social Ecosystem

(1)

3.3 The Two Case Studies

(6)

3.3.1 Business and Market

(1)

3.3.2 Organisation and Management

(1)

3.3.3 Technology

(1)

3.3.4 Interactions between the Various Elements

(2)

3.4 The Socio-Technical Enabling Environment

(4)

3.4.1 The Bank's Enabling Environment

(2)

3.4.2 The Building Society and Some Complexity Principles

(2)

3.5 Summary and Conclusions

(1)

3.6 Acknowledgements

(1)

References

(2)

4 Facets of Software Evolution

(24)

Roland T. Mittermeir

4.1 Introduction

(1)

4.2 What is Software?

(3)

4.2.1 Software: A Technical Artefact

(1)

4.2.2 Software: A Utility

(1)

4.2.3 Software: A Text, Reflecting Reality

(1)

4.2.4 Software is Information

(1)

4.3 Evolution

(2)

4.3.1 Principles

(1)

4.3.2 Evolution Drivers

(1)

4.4 Strata of Software-Size and Complexity

(5)

4.4.1 Module

(1)

4.4.2 Design Unit

(1)

4.4.3 Architecture

(1)

4.4.4 System

(1)

4.4.5 System-of-Systems

(1)

4.4.6 Discussion

(1)

4.5 Approaches to (R-)evolve

(4)

4.5.1 Changes in Modules

(1)

4.5.2 Modifying Design Units

(1)

4.5.3 Evolution on the Architectural Level

(1)

4.5.4 System-Level Evolution

(1)

4.5.5 Evolution of Systems-of-Systems

(1)

4.6 An Example

(5)

4.6.1 A System-of-Systems?

(1)

4.6.2 System-Level Changes

(1)

4.6.3 Architectural Decisions

(1)

4.6.4 Design Units

(2)

4.6.5 Modules

(1)

4.6.6 Discussion

(1)

4.7 Summary

(1)

References

(3)

5 Evolution in Software Systems: Foundations of the SPE Classification Scheme

(36)

Stephen Cook, Rachel Harrison, Meir M. Lehman and Paul Wernick

5.1 Introduction

(1)

5.2 Background and Related Work

(19)

5.2.1 Software Evolution

(8)

5.2.2 Stakeholders, Architecture and Software Evolution

104

(4)

5.2.3 Hermeneutics and Software Evolution

108

(5)

5.2.4 Requirements Analysis, Paradigms and Hermeneutics

113

(2)

5.3 SPE+

115

(10)

5.3.1 Introduction

115

(1)

5.3.2 The SPE+ Taxonomy

115

(8)

5.3.3 Validation of SPE+

123

(2)

5.4 Conclusions and Future Research

125

(1)

5.5 Acknowledgements

126

(1)

References

127

(4)

6 A Simple Model of Software System Evolutionary Growth

131

(12)

Wladyslaw M. Turski

References

141

(2)

7 Statistical Modelling of Software Evolution Processes

143

(18)

Tetsuo Tamai and Takako Nakatani

7.1 Introduction

143

(2)

7.2 Approach

145

(1)

7.2.1 Measurement

145

(1)

7.2.2 Case Studies

145

(1)

7.2.3 Metrics

146

(1)

7.3 Observed Evolution Patterns

146

(7)

7.3.1 Stable Statistic Model

147

(3)

7.3.2 Exceptional Data

150

(1)

7.3.3 Discontinuous Change

150

(1)

7.3.4 Class Tree Characteristics

151

(2)

7.4 Distribution Model

153

(6)

7.4.1 Negative Binomial Distribution

153

(2)

7.4.2 Evolution of Model Parameters

155

(2)

7.4.3 Larger Case Study

157

(2)

7.5 Discussions

159

(1)

References

160

(1)

8 Software Requirements Changes Due to External Factors

161

(20)

Vic Nanda and Nazim H. Madhavji

8.1 Introduction

161

(2)

8.1.1 Organisation of This Chapter

162

(1)

8.2 Congruence Evaluation System (CES): A Case Study

163

(14)

8.2.1 CES Context and Key Events

163

(1)

8.2.2 Contribution, Relevance and Applicability of This Case Study

163

(1)

8.2.3 CES: Background and Implementation Strategy

164

(1)

8.2.4 Analysis of CES Capabilities

165

(2)

8.2.5 The Impact of Environmental Evolution

167

(9)

8.2.6 Threats to Validity

176

(1)

8.3 Lessons Learnt and Conclusions

177

(1)

References

177

(1)

Appendix A: An Instrument to Assess System Deficiencies

178

(1)

Appendix B: An Instrument to Assess Environment Evolution

179

(2)

9 Understanding Open Source Software Evolution

181

(26)

Walt Scacchi

9.1 Introduction

181

(1)

9.2 Empirical Studies of Software Evolution

182

(2)

9.2.1 Studies of the Laws of Software Evolution

182

(1)

9.2.2 Other Empirical Studies of Software Evolution

183

(1)

9.3 Evolutionary Patterns in Open Source Software

184

(10)

9.3.1 Types of Entities for Studying F/OSS Evolution

185

(1)

9.3.2 Patterns in Open Source Software Evolution Studies

186

(8)

9.4 Evolution Models and Theories

194

(3)

9.5 Do We Need New or Revised Models, Laws or Theories for Open Source Software Evolution?

197

(3)

9.5.1 Embracing the Feedback Control Systems Ontology

197

(1)

9.5.2 Alternative Ontologies for F/OSS Evolution

198

(2)

9.6 Conclusions

200

(2)

9.7 Acknowledgements

202

(1)

References

202

(5)

10 Structural Analysis of Open Source Systems

207

(16)

Andrea Capiluppi, Maurizio Morisio and Juan C. Fernández-Ramil

10.1 Introduction

207

(1)

10.2 Related Work

208

(1)

10.3 Rationale

209

(1)

10.4 Approach

210

(1)

10.5 Attributes Studied

211

(2)

10.5.1 Source Code Size

211

(1)

10.5.2 Code Structure

212

(1)

10.5.3 Modification Types

212

(1)

10.6 Evolution of Code Structure

213

(5)

10.6.1 Horizontally Expanding

213

(2)

10.6.2 Vertically Shrinking

215

(1)

10.6.3 Vertically Expanding

216

(2)

10.7 Summary

218

(1)

10.8 Current and Future Work

219

(1)

10.9 Acknowledgements

220

(1)

References

220

(2)

Appendix

222

(1)

11 A Study of Software Evolution at Different Levels of Granularity

223

(26)

Elizabeth Burd

11.1 Introduction

223

(2)

11.2 Existing Studies of Software Evolution

225

(3)

11.3 Case Study Approach

228

(2)

11.4 Results

230

(14)

11.4.1 The System Level

230

(3)

11.4.2 Level 2, The Function Level

233

(3)

11.4.3 Level 3, The Data Level

236

(6)

11.4.4 Comparing Levels

242

(2)

11.5 General Recommendations

244

(1)

11.6 Conclusions

245

(1)

References

246

(3)

12 The Role of Ripple Effect in Software Evolution

249

(20)

Sue Black

12.1 Introduction

249

(1)

12.2 Impact Analysis

250

(2)

12.3 Software Maintenance and Software Maintenance Models

252

(2)

12.4 Background on the Ripple Effect

254

(6)

12.4.1 Computation of the Ripple Effect

255

(3)

12.4.2 The REST Software Tool

258

(2)

12.5 Links Between Ripple Effect and the Laws of Software Evolution

260

(5)

12.5.1 First Law – Continuing Change

261

(1)

12.5.2 Second Law – Growing Complexity

262

(1)

12.5.3 Third Law – Self Regulation

263

(1)

12.5.4 Fourth Law – Conservation of Organisational Stability

263

(1)

12.5.5 Fifth Law – Conservation of Familiarity

263

(1)

12.5.6 Sixth Law – Continuing Growth

264

(1)

12.5.7 Seventh Law – Declining Quality

264

(1)

12.5.8 Eighth Law – Feedback System

264

(1)

12.6 Conclusions

265

(1)

12.7 Further Work

266

(1)

12.8 Acknowledgements

266

(1)

References

266

(3)

13 The Impact of Software-Architecture Compliance on System Evolution

269

(12)

R. Mark Greenwood, Ken Mayes, Wykeen Seet, Brian C. Warboys, Dharini Balasubramaniam, Graham Kirby, Ron Morrison and Aled Sage

13.1 Introduction

269

(1)

13.2 Evolution and Compliance

270

(1)

13.3 A Generic Scheduling Problem

271

(2)

13.3.1 A ProcessWeb Example

272

(1)

13.3.2 Programming Around Poor Compliance

273

(1)

13.4 Compliance Through Configuration

273

(4)

13.4.1 Trade-offs in Configuration

275

(2)

13.5 Exploiting an Analytical Model

277

(1)

13.5.1 A First Analytical Model for ProcessWeb

277

(1)

13.6 Discussion

278

(2)

13.7 Acknowledgements

280

(1)

References

280

(1)

14 Comparison of Three Evaluation Methods for Object-Oriented Framework Evolution

281

(32)

Michael Mattsson

14.1 Introduction

281

(4)

14.2 Object-oriented Frameworks

285

(2)

14.2.1 The Studied Frameworks

285

(2)

14.3 Methods and Results

287

(18)

14.3.1 Evolution Identification Using Historical Information

287

(6)

14.3.2 Stability Assessment

293

(7)

14.3.3 Distribution of the Development Effort

300

(5)

14.4 Method Comparison

305

(3)

14.4.1 Change-prone Modules

305

(1)

14.4.2 Framework Deployment

306

(1)

14.4.3 Change Impact Analysis

306

(1)

14.4.4 Benchmarking

306

(1)

14.4.5 Requirements Management

307

(1)

14.4.6 Some Comments

307

(1)

14.5 Related Work

308

(1)

14.6 Conclusion

309

(1)

References

310

(3)

15 Formal Perspectives on Software Evolution: From Refinement to Retrenchment

313

(26)

Michael Poppleton and Lindsay Groves

15.1 Introduction

313

(1)

15.2 Program Refinement

314

(6)

15.3 Modifying Refinements by Adapting Derivations

320

(2)

15.4 A Compositional Approach to Program Modification

322

(2)

15.5 Retrenchment

324

(11)

15.5.1 Refinement – a Relational Perspective

325

(2)

15.5.2 The Need to Generalise Refinement

327

(3)

15.5.3 Retrenchment: Generalising Refinement

330

(2)

15.5.4 Retrenchment for Software Evolution

332

(3)

15.6 Conclusions

335

(1)

References

336

(3)

16 Background and Approach to Development of a Theory of Software Evolution

339

(20)

Meir M. Lehman and Juan C. Fernández-Ramil

16.1 Software Evolution

339

(1)

16.2 Global Views of Evolution

340

(3)

16.2.1 Two Approaches

340

(1)

16.2.2 The Verbal Approach

341

(1)

16.2.3 The Normal Approach

342

(1)

16.2.4 Mutual Support of the Two Views

342

(1)

16.2.5 Process Improvement

342

(1)

16.3 The Case for Theory

343

(2)

16.4 Theory Development

345

(1)

16.5 A World View

346

(3)

16.5.1 Real-World Program Relationship

346

(1)

16.5.2 Assumptions

347

(2)

16.6 Example

349

(3)

16.6.1 Introduction

349

(1)

16.6.2 Preliminary Definitions

349

(1)

16.6.3 Observations

350

(1)

16.6.4 Inferences

351

(1)

16.6.5 Guidelines

351

(1)

16.7 The Theory

352

(1)

16.8 Organisation of Theory Development

352

(1)

16.9 Goals

352

(1)

16.10 Related Work

353

(1)

16.11 Final Remarks

354

(1)

16.12 Acknowledgements

355

(1)

References

355

(4)

PART TWO FEEDBACK

359

(206)

17 Difficulties with Feedback Control in Software Processes

363

(14)

Meir M. Lehman, Dewayne E. Perry and Wlad Turski

17.1 Introduction

363

(2)

17.2 Feedback and Control

365

(1)

17.3 Technology versus Sociology

366

(1)

17.4 Manifesto and Model

367

(3)

17.5 Influence versus Control

370

(3)

17.5.1 Immaturity

371

(1)

17.5.2 Feedback Overload

371

(1)

17.5.3 Step Functions versus Regulation

371

(1)

17.5.4 Design versus Production

372

(1)

17.6 Examples of Feedback Control

373

(1)

17.7 Summary

373

(1)

17.8 Acknowledgments

374

(1)

References

375

(2)

18 Governing Software Evolution through Policy-oriented Feedback

377

(20)

Nazim H. Madhavji and Josée Tasé

18.1 Introduction

377

(2)

18.2 The Policy-Checking Mechanism

379

(5)

18.2.1 Controlling System Growth

379

(2)

18.2.2 Re-engineering Change-Prone Modules

381

(2)

18.2.3 Discussion

383

(1)

18.3 The Contextual Framework

384

(5)

18.3.1 New-Release Development

384

(2)

18.3.2 Roles, Communication and Feedback

386

(1)

18.3.3 The Framework Architecture

387

(2)

18.4 Technological Support

389

(2)

18.4.1 Policy-Checking Mechanism

389

(1)

18.4.2 Framework

390

(1)

18.5 Evaluation

391

(2)

18.6 Related Work

393

(1)

18.7 Conclusions

394

(1)

References

394

(3)

19 Feedback in Requirements Discovery and Specification: A Quality Gateway for Testing Requirements

397

(14)

Suzanne Robertson

19.1 Contents of the Requirements Specification

397

(2)

19.2 Project Drivers

399

(6)

19.2.1 Producers

400

(1)

19.2.2 Consumers

401

(1)

19.2.3 Sponsors

402

(1)

19.2.4 Subject Matter Consultants

403

(1)

19.2.5 Technical Consultants

404

(1)

19.2.6 Influencers

404

(1)

19.2.7 Project-Sociology Analysis

405

(1)

19.3 Contents of Individual Requirements

405

(2)

19.4 Keeping Track of Connections

407

(1)

19.5 The Quality Gateway

408

(1)

19.6 Lessons Learnt

409

(1)

19.7 Conclusion

410

(1)

References

410

(1)

20 Requirements Risk and Software Reliability

411

(16)

Norman F. Schneidewind

20.1 Introduction

411

(2)

20.1.1 Requirements Changes and Software Evolution

412

(1)

20.1.2 Objectives

412

(1)

20.1.3 Methods

413

(1)

20.2 Background

413

(1)

20.3 Selected Measurement Research Projects

414

(1)

20.4 Approach to Analyzing Requirements Risk

415

(3)

20.4.1 Categorical Data Analysis

416

(2)

20.5 Risk Factors

418

(2)

20.5.1 Space Shuttle Flight Software Requirements Change Risk Factors

418

(2)

20.6 Solutions to Risk Analysis Example

420

(3)

20.6.1 Categorical Data Analysis

420

(2)

20.6.2 Dependency Check on Risk Factors

422

(1)

20.6.3 Identification of Modules that Caused Failures

422

(1)

20.7 Future Trends

423

(1)

20.8 Conclusions

424

(1)

20.9 Acknowledgments

424

(1)

References

424

(3)

21 Combining Process Feedback with Discrete Event Simulation Models to Support Software Project Management

427

(16)

David Ruffo and Joseph Vandeville

21.1 Introduction

427

(1)

21.2 Providing Up-to-Date Process Feedback

428

(3)

21.2.1 Feedback in Simulation Models

428

(1)

21.2.2 Metrics Repository

429

(2)

21.3 Discrete Event Simulation Models

431

(2)

21.4 Combining Process Feedback with the Discrete Model

433

(1)

21.4.1 Comparing Statistical Process Control with Outcome Based Control Limits

433

(1)

21.5 Illustrative Example

434

(6)

21.5.1 The Scenario Under Consideration

434

(2)

21.5.2 Determining the Performance of the Baseline Process

436

(1)

21.5.3 Use of the Model and Metrics for Quantitative Process Feedback Management

437

(1)

21.5.4 Assessing the Implications of Feedback and Developing an Action Plan (Is the Process in Control?)

438

(1)

21.5.5 Taking Corrective Action and Assessing the Impact of the Changes

439

(1)

21.6 Conclusions

440

(1)

21.7 Acknowledgements

440

(1)

References

440

(3)

22 A Feedforward Capability to Improve Software Reestimation

443

(16)

William W. Agresti

22.1 Introduction

443

(3)

22.1.1 Reestimation: State of the Practice

443

(2)

22.1.2 Objective

445

(1)

22.1.3 Related Research

446

(1)

22.2 A Feedforward Capability

446

(6)

22.2.1 Feedforward Estimation in Other Domains

447

(1)

22.2.2 Feedforward Estimation in Software Development

448

(1)

22.2.3 Operation of a Feedforward Model

449

(3)

22.3 Example Uses of the Feedforward Concept

452

(2)

22.3.1 Feedforward Capability Integrated with e Software Estimation

452

(1)

22.3.2 The Role of a Feedforward Capability in Risk Management

453

(1)

22.4 Conclusion

454

(1)

22.5 Acknowledgements

455

(1)

Appendix

455

(3)

References:

458

(1)

23 Modelling the Feedback Part of the Software Process in Software Resource Estimation

459

(12)

Juan C. Fernández-Ramil and Sarah Beecham

23.1 Introduction

459

(1)

23.2 The Evidence of Feedback

460

(1)

23.3 The Need for a Taxonomy

461

(1)

23.4 Feedback as a Cost Factor

461

(1)

23.5 Cost Estimation as a 'System Identification' Problem

461

(3)

23.6 Why do Algorithmic Cost Estimation Approaches such as COCOMO 'Work"!

464

(1)

23.7 Approaches to Model 'Feedback' in Cost Estimation Models

465

(1)

23.8 Indirect Black-Box Modelling and Feedback-Related Cost Factors

466

(2)

23.9 Final Remarks

468

(1)

23.10 Acknowledgments

468

(1)

References

469

(2)

24 Value-Based Feedback in Software and Information Systems Development

471

(18)

Barry Boehm and LiGuo Huang

24.1 Introduction

471

(1)

24.2 Feedback Control of Software Development: Four Primary Feedback Cycles

472

(4)

24.2.1 Feedback Cycle 1: Project Scoping

472

(1)

24.2.2 Feedback Cycle 2: Project Execution

473

(1)

24.2.3 Feedback Cycle 3: Model Update

474

(1)

24.2.4 Feedback Cycle 4: Organizational Productivity Improvement

475

(1)

24.3 Using 'EV' for Feedback Control of Software Development and Evolution

476

(2)

24.3.1 An Earned Value System Example

477

(1)

24.4 Real Earned-Value Feedback Control

478

(3)

24.4.1 Business-Case and Benefits-Realized Monitoring and Control

479

(2)

24.5 Value-Based Feedback Control: An Order Processing Example

481

(6)

24.5.1 Business Case Analysis: Costs, Benefits and Return on Investment

482

(3)

24.5.2 Value-Based Monitoring and Control

485

(2)

24.6 Conclusions and Future Challenges

487

(1)

24.7 Acknowledgments

488

(1)

References

488

(1)

25 Expert Estimation of Software Development Cost: Learning through Feedback

489

(18)

Magne Jørgensen and Dag Sjøberg

25.1 Introduction

489

(1)

25.2 Estimation Learning

490

(3)

25.3 Estimation Feedback and Process Guidelines

493

(4)

25.3.1 Increase the Motivation for Learning Estimation Skills

494

(1)

25.3.2 Reduce the Impact from Estimation-Learning Biases

495

(1)

25.3.3 Ensure a Fit Between the Estimation Process and Type of Feedback

495

(1)

25.3.4 Provide Learning Situations

496

(1)

25.4 Experiment: Application of the Guidelines

497

(6)

25.4.1 Background

498

(1)

25.4.2 Experiment Design

499

(2)

25.4.3 Results

501

(2)

25.5 Summary

503

(1)

25.6 Acknowledgement

503

(1)

References

503

(4)

26 Self-Adaptive Software: Internalized Feedback

507

(32)

Robert Laddaga, Paul Robertson and Howard Shrobe

26.1 Introduction

507

(3)

26.1.1 Some Software Life Cycle Concepts

508

(1)

26.1.2 Brief Introduction to Self-Adaptive Software

509

(1)

26.1.3 Introduction of Binding of Function Call to Function Value

510

(1)

26.2 Historical Perspective

510

(7)

26.2.1 Dynamic Versus Static Binding

510

(2)

26.2.2 Language and Compiler Development

512

(2)

26.2.3 Performance Trade-Offs

514

(1)

26.2.4 The Concept of Software Application Evolution

514

(1)

26.2.5 A Note about Software Ecology

515

(2)

26.3 Self-Adaptive Software

517

(4)

26.3.1 Concepts

517

(1)

26.3.2 Technology Requirements and Opportunities

518

(3)

26.4 Applications of Self-Adaptive Software

521

(14)

26.4.1 Recent Application Work

522

(1)

26.4.2 Vision Systems

522

(6)

26.4.3 Face Recognition

528

(2)

26.4.4 Pervasive Computing

530

(5)

26.5 Conclusion

535

(1)

References

536

(3)

27 Rules and Tools for Software Evolution Planning and Management

539

(26)

Meir M. Lehman and Juan C. Fernández-Ramil

27.1 Introduction

539

(2)

27.2 Laws of Software Evolution

541

(1)

27.3 S- and E-Type Program Classification

542

(1)

27.3.1 Basic Properties

542

(1)

27.3.2 Implications of the SPE Program Classification Scheme

542

(1)

27.4 First Law: Continuing Change

543

(2)

27.5 Second Law: Increasing Complexity

545

(2)

27.6 Third Law: Self Regulation

547

(2)

27.7 Fourth Law: Conservation of Organisational Stability

549

(1)

27.8 Fifth Law: Conservation of Familiarity

550

(1)

27.9 Sixth Law: Continuing Growth

551

(1)

27.10 Seventh Law: Declining Quality

552

(2)

27.11 Eighth Law: Feedback System

554

(2)

27.12 The FEAST Hypothesis

556

(1)

27.13 The Principle of Software Uncertainty

557

(2)

27.14 Conclusions

559

(1)

27.15 Acknowledgements

560

(1)

References

560

(5)

Index

565

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Software Evolution and Feedback Theory and Practice

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Software Evolution and Feedback Theory and Practice

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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