Solar Thermal Technologies for Buildings

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ISBN: 9781902916477 | 1902916476
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 6/28/2004

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The world's governments agreed at the Millennium Summit to halve the number of people who lack access to safe water, mainly in the world's cities, by 2015. With rapidly growing urban populations the challenge is immense.Water and Sanitation in the Wo

Editorial note	p. xi
Passive solar heating of buildings	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
The theory of passive solar heating	p. 2
Passive solar contributions today--the SolGain results	p. 3
High-performance housing--solar gains in buildings with low heat loads	p. 6
The methodology	p. 6
Four examples	p. 6
The shortened heating season	p. 9
Lessons learned	p. 9
Related materials and technologies	p. 10
Advanced glazing	p. 10
Solar gains on opaque building elements	p. 14
Increased thermal capacity	p. 15
Related energy supply	p. 15
References	p. 16
Active solar heating and cooling of buildings	p. 17
Introduction	p. 17
Classification of solar systems and current state of the art	p. 19
Aims for the future: the technologies	p. 24
Components	p. 24
Systems' integration and applications	p. 25
Aims for the future	p. 30
The market	p. 30
A call for sustainable energy policies	p. 32
Conclusions	p. 34
References	p. 35
Spectrally selective materials for efficient visible, solar and thermal radiation control	p. 37
Introduction	p. 37
Solar thermal conversion	p. 38
Solar absorber coatings	p. 39
The transparent collector cover	p. 42
Transparent selective coatings for windows	p. 42
Spectrally selective low emittance for passive solar gain	p. 44
Solar control glazing	p. 44
Evacuated glazing	p. 47
Nanoparticle-doped polymeric solar control glazing	p. 48
Switchable glazing materials	p. 48
Electrochromic glazing	p. 49
Thermochromic and thermotropic glazing	p. 51
Gasochromic glazing	p. 52
Measurement of the optical properties	p. 55
Angle-dependent visible and solar properties	p. 55
Thermal optical properties measurements	p. 56
An EU window energy data thematic network (WinDat)	p. 59
Conclusions	p. 60
Acknowledgements	p. 61
References	p. 62
Advanced control systems for energy and environmental performance of buildings	p. 65
Impact of global control of building in terms of energy performance and sustainable building	p. 67
Function and control tasks	p. 67
Requirements for the implementation of automatic control	p. 69
Communication protocols for the implementation of advanced control systems	p. 71
State of the art in advanced control systems	p. 76
Smart buildings and internet-based energy services	p. 82
Services of interest to occupants	p. 84
Services of interest to maintenance operators/property managers	p. 85
Services of interest to energy management	p. 86
Conclusion	p. 86
References	p. 87
Bibliography	p. 89
IT Systems for energy and environment monitoring, planning and design	p. 90
The sustainable energy systems challenge	p. 91
Digital cities	p. 94
Rational planning	p. 98
Virtual design	p. 101
Energy services	p. 106
Case study	p. 110
Technology transfer	p. 113
References	p. 114
Natural ventilation in an urban context	p. 116
Introduction	p. 116
Role of natural ventilation	p. 117
Purposes	p. 117
Performance criteria	p. 117
Physics of natural ventilation	p. 118
Eddy, turbulent and mean description of flow	p. 118
Mean flow through openings	p. 119
Wind pressure	p. 120
Buoyancy pressure	p. 121
Urban environment	p. 122
Component sizing based on mean behaviour--pressure loop method	p. 122
Natural ventilation strategies	p. 126
Wind variation-induced single-sided ventilation	p. 126
Wind-driven cross ventilation	p. 127
Buoyancy-driven stack ventilation	p. 129
Combined wind- and buoyancy-driven ventilation	p. 130
Combinations of fundamental strategies	p. 132
Solar-assisted ventilation	p. 133
Natural ventilation strategies for urban environment	p. 134
Balanced stack ventilation	p. 134
Passive evaporative cooling	p. 136
Double-skin facade	p. 137
Conclusion	p. 138
References	p. 138
Cooling by natural sinks	p. 140
Introduction	p. 140
Conventional cooling and cooling based on environmental sinks	p. 141
Ground cooling	p. 143
The cool medium	p. 143
Effective environmental temperature	p. 144
System description and performance	p. 145
Innovative design options	p. 146
Evaporative cooling	p. 147
The cold medium	p. 147
System description and performance	p. 147
Innovative design options	p. 149
Radiative cooling	p. 153
The cold medium	p. 153
Effective environmental temperature	p. 154
System description and performance	p. 154
Climatic qualification	p. 156
Earth sheltering	p. 157
Roof solutions	p. 159
Roof pond	p. 159
Planted roofs	p. 159
Radiator roofs	p. 160
Future priorities	p. 161
Basic research on the coupling of NCT to different types of buildings	p. 161
Incorporation in building design tools	p. 161
Systematic study of potential applicability of NCT	p. 161
Design guidelines (for NCT, different types of buildings, climates)	p. 162
Introduction of standards for NCT calculation	p. 162
Demonstration projects for dissemination	p. 162
NCT in the European Directive for Energy Efficiency in Buildings	p. 162
References	p. 162
Thermal comfort	p. 164
Prologue	p. 164
Background	p. 164
The need for a new approach	p. 164
Why is thermal comfort important in energy conservation?	p. 165
State of the art	p. 165
The underlying processes	p. 165
Developing an index of thermal comfort	p. 167
Adaptive thermal comfort	p. 171
Recent developments and future directions	p. 178
New research in thermal comfort	p. 178
Defining an adaptive standard for buildings	p. 180
Developing a new dynamic approach to predicting thermal comfort in buildings	p. 183
References	p. 188
Passive cooling	p. 192
Introduction	p. 192
Cooling versus heating problems	p. 193
PASCOOL programme	p. 193
Essential features of passive cooling	p. 194
Prevention of heat gains	p. 194
Modulation of heat by internal (mainly) thermal mass	p. 194
Heat sinks	p. 194
Future research needs in passive cooling	p. 197
Microclimate around buildings	p. 197
Ventilation and air quality aspects	p. 197
New thermal comfort standards	p. 198
Natural ventilation and air flow in urban environments	p. 198
Research on natural cooling techniques	p. 198
Advanced solar control modelling and development of new components	p. 199
Integration actions	p. 199
Seasonal storage	p. 199
Non-conventional AC techniques	p. 199
Conclusion	p. 200
References	p. 200
Solar and energy efficiency as an option for sustainable urban built environments	p. 201
Introduction	p. 201
Urbanization at the end of the 20th century	p. 203
Increase of the urban population	p. 203
The size of the world's cities	p. 205
Urban environmental problems	p. 206
Cities in the developed world	p. 206
Cities in the less developed world	p. 211
Urban sustainability--an oxymoron or a realistic perspective?	p. 213
We do not have 'solutions' but we have ideas	p. 215
Improve the urban microclimate	p. 216
Use of sustainable energy supply systems	p. 219
Use of demand side management techniques	p. 224
Use of passive and active solar systems in urban buildings	p. 225
Appropriate legislation for buildings	p. 227
Towards more compact cities	p. 228
Conclusions	p. 230
References	p. 231
Index	p. 236
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Solar Thermal Technologies for Buildings

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