Solute Movement in the Rhizosphere

This is a completely revised edition of the previously titled Solute Movement in the Soil-Root System . It describes in detail how plant nutrients and other solutes move in the soil in response to plant uptake, and it provides a basis for understanding processes in the root zone so that they can be modeled realistically in order to predict the effects of variations in natural conditions or our own practices.

P.B. Tinker, M.A., D.Sc.: Senior Visiting Fellow, Department of Plant Sciences, Oxford University P.H. Nye, M.A., Frs: Emeritus Reader in Soil Science, Emeritus Fellow, St. Cross College, Oxford University

Main Symbols

xvii

Introduction

3

(11)

The Origin of Current Ideas

4

(1)

The Beginning of the Modern Period (c. 1940--1960)

5

(4)

Wider Perspectives

9

(2)

The Continuity Equation

11

(3)

Soil and Plant Water

14

(29)

Water Potential

14

(6)

Transfer of Water

20

(6)

Water Use by Plants

26

(16)

Conclusion

42

(1)

Solute Interchange between Solid, Liquid, and Gas Phases in the Soil

43

(28)

Composition of the Soil Solution

43

(8)

Buffer Power

51

(2)

Poorly Soluble Compounds

53

(1)

Cations with Multiple Valency

53

(1)

Adsorption of Anions

54

(3)

Rates of Ionic Interchange between Solid and Solution

57

(6)

Mineralization and Immobilization in Organic Forms

63

(1)

Applications to Whole Crop and Drainage Models

64

(1)

Sorption Reactions of Organic Materials

65

(6)

Local Movement of Solutes in Soil

71

(24)

Diffusion

71

(6)

Diffusion in Soils

77

(13)

Mass Flow and Dispersion in Solution

90

(3)

Gaseous Convection and Diffusion

93

(1)

Mechanical Movement

94

(1)

The Uptake Properties of the Root System

95

(35)

Root Morphology

95

(6)

The Ion Uptake Process

101

(11)

Ion Uptake Kinetics and Plant Demand

112

(13)

Plant Factors that Affect Uptake Rates

125

(3)

Environmental Variables that Affect Uptake Rate

128

(1)

Conclusion

129

(1)

Solute Transport in the Soil near Root Surfaces

130

(26)

Transport Processes

130

(7)

Experimental Evidence for Theory of Diffusion near Roots with Restricted Mass Flow

137

(5)

Roots with Root Hairs

142

(3)

Simultaneous Diffusion and Convection

145

(5)

The Effect of Soil Moisture Level on Solute Absorption by Single Roots

150

(6)

Chemical and Physical Modification of the Rhizosphere

156

(23)

Physical Effects

156

(3)

Chemical Effects

159

(13)

Direct Effects of Soluble Exudates on Mineral Nutrition

172

(7)

Microbiological Modification of the Rhizosphere

179

(45)

Microbial Substrates in the Rhizosphere

179

(6)

The Microbiological Community and the Processes of the Rhizosphere

185

(9)

Effects on Plant Growth and Mineral Nutrition by Mycorrhizal Fungi

194

(28)

Effects of Other Organisms on Nutrient Uptake and Growth

222

(1)

Conclusion

223

(1)

Root System Architecture, Density, and Measurement

224

(45)

Root--Shoot Relations and the Allocation of Carbon into the Root System

224

(6)

The Morphology and Measurement of Root Systems

230

(11)

Factors Affecting Root Form and Distribution in Soil

241

(18)

Root Distribution and Density in the Field

259

(4)

The Modelling of Root System Growth and Morphology

263

(6)

The Mineral Nutrition of Single Plants in Soil

269

(39)

Types of Models

269

(3)

Relationships between Nutrient Uptake, Plant Composition and Growth, and Soil Supply

272

(11)

Root System Uptake Models for Simplified Conditions without Competition

283

(2)

Uptake by Competing Roots within a Single Root System in Simplified Conditions

285

(7)

Root System Uptake Models with Competition in Simplified Conditions

292

(11)

Whole-Plant Growth and Uptake Models

303

(2)

Conclusion

305

(3)

Solute Transport and Crop Growth Models in the Field

308

(65)

Uptake of Water and Nutrients by Field Crops in Relation to the Development of Crop Models

308

(8)

Transfer of Solutes in a Profile

316

(14)

Modelling of Monoculture Crops

330

(23)

Nutrient Uptake by Mixed Vegetation

353

(12)

Natural Vegetation

365

(5)

Conclusion

370

(3)

References

373

(62)

Index

435

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Solute Movement in the Rhizosphere

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials