The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to

The Sounds of Languageprovides an accessible, general introduction to phonetics with a special emphasis on English.

Preface

xi

Publisher's Acknowledgements

xiii

Introduction

1

(15)

The study of phonetics

2

(1)

Articulatory phonetics

2

(9)

English places of articulation

11

(5)

Technical terms

11

(1)

Exercises

12

(4)

The basic sounds of English

16

(28)

Transcription

16

(1)

Accents of English

17

(2)

Consonants

19

(9)

Vowels

28

(7)

Stress

35

(2)

Comparison of RP and GA

37

(7)

Technical terms

39

(1)

Symbols

39

(1)

Exercises

40

(4)

English consonants

44

(27)

Allophones and phonemes

44

(3)

Voicing

47

(1)

Length

47

(1)

Place of articulation

48

(2)

Manner of articulation

50

(21)

Technical terms

60

(1)

Symbols

61

(1)

Exercises

61

(10)

English vowels

71

(17)

Distributional restrictions

71

(1)

The vowel phonemes of RP

72

(3)

The vowel phonemes of GA

75

(1)

RP and GA vowels

76

(12)

Technical terms

80

(1)

Symbols

80

(1)

Exercises

80

(8)

English suprasegmentals

88

(20)

Syllables

88

(1)

Phonotactics

89

(5)

Stress

94

(2)

Pitch and intonation

96

(5)

Rhythm

101

(7)

Technical terms

102

(1)

Symbol

102

(1)

Exercises

102

(6)

English accent differences

108

(23)

Background

108

(1)

General scheme

109

(2)

Received Pronunciation (RP) revisited

111

(1)

Cockney

112

(1)

Yorkshire

113

(1)

Scotland

113

(2)

Belfast

115

(1)

Dublin

115

(1)

Australia

116

(1)

New Zealand

117

(1)

South Africa

117

(1)

West Indies

118

(1)

India

119

(1)

General American (GA) revisited

120

(1)

New England

121

(1)

New York City

121

(1)

US South

122

(1)

African American Vernacular English

123

(1)

Canada

123

(2)

Newfoundland

125

(6)

Technical terms

126

(1)

Exercises

127

(4)

Sound waves, spectra, and resonance

131

(19)

Sound waves

131

(8)

Spectrum

139

(3)

Glottal wave

142

(1)

Resonance

143

(2)

Noise

145

(5)

Technical terms

146

(1)

Exercises

146

(4)

The acoustics of English sounds

150

(25)

Spectrograms

150

(2)

English vowels

152

(7)

English consonants

159

(16)

Technical terms

166

(1)

Exercises

166

(9)

Vowels and glides

175

(17)

Vowels

175

(9)

Glides

184

(8)

Technical terms

185

(1)

Symbols

185

(1)

Exercises

185

(7)

Place of articulation

192

(24)

Primary places of articulation

192

(11)

Double articulation

203

(1)

Secondary articulations

203

(13)

Technical terms

206

(1)

Symbols

207

(1)

Exercises

207

(9)

Manner of articulation

216

(16)

Degree of stricture

216

(1)

Obstruents

217

(1)

Approximants

218

(1)

Trills, taps, and flaps

219

(3)

Laterals

222

(1)

Nasals

223

(9)

Technical terms

224

(1)

Symbols

224

(2)

Exercises

226

(6)

Phonation

232

(19)

Anatomy

232

(2)

Glottis

234

(1)

States of the glottis

235

(8)

Voice onset time

243

(3)

Breathy voiced stops

246

(5)

Technical terms

246

(1)

Symbols

247

(1)

Exercises

247

(4)

Air Stream mechanisms

251

(14)

Air pressure

251

(2)

Air Stream mechanisms

253

(12)

Technical terms

260

(1)

Symbols

260

(1)

Exercises

260

(5)

Syllables and suprasegmentals

265

(73)

Syllable

265

(6)

Length

271

(1)

Pitch and tone

272

(7)

Stress

279

(5)

Intonation

284

(8)

Technical terms

287

(1)

Exercises

287

(5)

Appendices

A English consonantal allophones

292

(7)

B Glossary

299

(18)

C Calligraphy

317

(13)

D The transcription of English vowels

330

(5)

E The International Phonetic Alphabet

335

(3)

Bibliography

338

(8)

Index

346

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The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials