Sources in the History of the Modern Middle East

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ISBN: 9780395980675 | 0395980674
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 4/9/2003

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This unique primary source reader provides first-hand accounts of the events described in Middle Eastern history survey texts. The text is organized into ten chapters featuring chapter introductions and headnotes. The primary source documents cover the late 18th through the 20th centuries, exploring political, social, economic, and cultural history and infusing the volume with the voices of real people.

Preface

INTRODUCTION: How to Read a Primary Source

PART I The Middle East and North Africa in the Nineteenth Century

(102)

CHAPTER 1 Central Political Reforms and Local Responses

(28)

1. The Hatt-I-Serif Decree Initiates the Tanzimat, or Reform, Period in the Ottoman Empire, November 3, 1839

(3)

2. Sultan Abdul Majid's Islahat Fermani Decree Reaffirms the Privileges and Immunities of Non-Muslim Communities in the Ottoman Empire, February 18, 1856

(5)

3. An Ottoman Government Decree Defines the Official Notion of the "Modern" Citizen, June 19, 1870

(2)

4. Mirza Malkum Khan Satirizes Iran's Central Government and Religious Elites, 1880's

(8)

5. Jamal al-Din Al-Afghani Answers Ernest Renan's Criticism of Islam, May 18, 1883

(6)

6. Baghdadi Jews React to the Modernization of the Ottoman Empire, May 28, 1908

(3)

CHAPTER 2 Economic Changes

(28)

1. The Treaty of Peace and Commerce (Treaty of Turkmanchai) Between Iran and Russia, February 10-22,1828

(8)

2. The Treaty of Balta Liman Gives the British Economic Advantages Within the Ottoman Empire, August 16, 1838

(3)

3. An Egyptian Khedival Decree Establishes a European-Controlled Public Debt Administration, May 2, 1876

(3)

4. Convention on Free Navigation of the Suez Canal Between the European Powers and the Ottomans Empire, October 29, 1888

(3)

5. The Concession for the Imperial Bank in Iran, January 30, 1889

(5)

6. The Concession for the Tobacco Monopoly in Iran, March 8, 1890

(2)

7. Tobacco Smuggling and the French Regie Monopoly in the Ottoman Empire, 1895

(2)

CHAPTER 3 Social and Cultural Reformulations

(43)

1. Rifa'a Tahtawi Reflects on Paris, Its People, Their Ideas, and Lives in the 1820's

(3)

2. Anis al-Jalis, an Egyptian Magazine, Defines a Vision of Women and Their Role in Society, 1899

(4)

3. Qasim Amin Argues for the Emancipation of Women in Egypt, 1900

(9)

4. Teachers of the Alliance Israelite Universelle Write About Child Marriages, Domestic Violence, and the Treatment of Children Among Jews in North Africa, 1902-1915

(6)

5. Articles in Iranian Magazines Emphasize the Link Between the Education of Girls and the Advancement of Iranian Society, 1907, 1909

(2)

6. Bahithat al-Badiya Advocates Greater Educational and Economic Rights for Egyptian Women, 1909

(9)

7. Nazira Zein el-Din, an Egyptian Feminist, Comments on the Unveiling and Veiling of Women, 1928

100

(9)

PART II Making Nations in the Middle East, 1900-1949

109

(138)

CHAPTER 4 Ideas of Nationalism

112

(70)

1. Leo Pinsker, a Jewish Intellectual, Proposes a "Jewish Homeland," 1882

114

(7)

2. Ahad Ha-Am's "The Jewish State and the Jewish Problem," a Counterargument to the Idea of a Jewish State, 1897

121

(7)

3. The Husayn-McMahon Correspondence, Negotiating the Establishment of an "Arab Kingdom" in the Middle East, 1915

128

(3)

4. The Balfour Declaration, Stating the British Government's Support for a Jewish Homeland in Palestine, and Discussions Leading to Issuing It in 1917

131

(5)

5. Division of the Ottoman Empire: The Treaty of Sevres, August 10, 1920

136

(9)

6. Mustafa Kemal ("Ataturk ") Outlines His Vision of the Recent Nationalist Past of Turkey and the Future of the Country, 1927

145

(7)

7. 'Ali 'Abd al-Raziq, an Egyptian Religious Scholar, Argues for the Separation of State and Religion, 1928

152

(7)

8. The Program of L'Etoile Nord-Africaine: Full Independence for Algeria, May 28, 1933

159

(3)

9. Antun Sa'adeh Declares His Vision of "Greater Syria" or Regional Nationalism, June 1, 1935

162

(4)

10. Taha Husayn Writes of Egypt as a Mixture of Pharaonic, Arab, and Western Cultures, 1938

166

(4)

11. Syrian Michel 'Aflaq Addresses the Relationship Between Arabism and Islam, 1943

170

(5)

12. Hasan al-Banna Proclaims Egyptian Nationalism and the Religious Basis for an Islamic State, 1949

175

(7)

CHAPTER 5 Contested Nationalisms

182

(65)

1. Henry Morgenthau Recounts Aspects of Nationalist-Driven Ethnic Cleansing of Armenians in Turkey, 1915

184

(9)

2. The Zionist Organization's Memorandum to the Peace Conference in Versailles Asks for Support for the Establishment of a Jewish State in Palestine, February 3, 1919

193

(7)

3. The Resolution of the General Syrian Congress at Damascus Proclaims Arab Sovereignty over Greater Syria, July 2, 1919

200

(3)

4. The American King-Crane Commission Report Summarizes the Popular Ideas of Nationalism in the Middle East, 1919

203

(6)

5. A Writer for al-Asima, the Syrian Government Newspaper, Seeks to Establish the Popular Idea of the "Nation," October 23, 1919

209

(2)

6. Women and the Vote in Syria: A Parliamentary Debate About the Relationship Between Gender and Citizenship in the Proposed State, April 25, 1920

211

(8)

7. Ferhat Abbas Appeals for the Equality of Muslim Algerians and French Algerians, February 23, 1936

219

(3)

8. The Projet Blum-Violette: The Proposed Enfranchisement of Muslims in Algeria, 1936

222

(3)

9. Shaykh Ben Badis Pronounces a Fatwa (Religious Edict) Against the French "Naturalization" of Algerians, August 10, 1937

225

(2)

10. Nationalism and the Jewish Community in Tunisia, March 5, 1938

227

(4)

11. The Contest for Alexandretta Between Syria and Turkey, May 1938

231

(2)

12. The Arab Case for Palestine and the Case for a Binational State, March 1946

233

(10)

13. President Harry Truman's Statement Supporting Jewish Immigration into Palestine, October 4, 1946

243

(4)

PART III The Rise of Postindependence States, 1950-2000

247

(68)

CHAPTER 6 Restricting Authority

250

(26)

1. Asadollah Alam's Diary Details Some Elements of the Shah of Iran's Rule in 1976 and 1977

252

(11)

2. Iraq's Saddam Hussein Proclaims History as a Tool for Educating the Masses About the Revolution and Comments on the Role of Women in the Revolution, 1975, 1978

263

(4)

3. The Constitution of Saudi Arabia Bases the Legitimacy of the Ruling House of Saud on Religion, 1992

267

(4)

4. Human Rights Activist Yilmaz Ensaroglu Discusses the Role of the Army in Turkey, 1997

271

(5)

CHAPTER 7 Crisis of the State

276

(39)

1. Egyptian President Abdel Nasser Resigns from Office Following the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, June 9, 1967

278

(4)

2. Sadiq al-'Azm, an Arab Intellectual, Critiques the Arab State and Clergy for Their Use of Religion, 1968

282

(4)

3. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini Denounces the Rule of the Shah of Iran, 1975

286

(3)

4. Documents About One of the Major Political Arguments Underlying the Lebanese Civil War, 1975

289

(9)

5. American Consular Documents Reveal U.S. Diplomats' Assessment of the Revolution in Iran, 1978

298

(4)

6. The Massacre of the Muslim Brothers of Syria in Hama, 1982

302

(4)

7. The Platform of the Islamic Salvation Front in Algiers Bases Its Ideology on Respect for Islamic Values, June 18, 1995

306

(3)

8. Report on Arab Israelis: Breaking the Stranglehold of Alienation, October 27, 2000

309

(6)

PART IV The Middle East Today

315

CHAPTER 8 Islamic Political Movements Since 1964

320

(52)

1. Egyptian Writer Sayyid Qutb Articulates a New, Influential Vision of Jihad, 1964

323

(8)

2. Iranian Intellectual Ali Shari'ati Examines Man from the Viewpoint of Islam, 1968

331

(9)

3. Iranian Liberal Mehdi Bazargan Advocates Freedom as a Vital Necessity for Government and Religion, 1974

340

(5)

4. Moroccan Feminist Fatima Mernissi Argues That Islam Has Been Misinterpreted on the Subject of the Position of Women, 1988

345

(7)

5. Egyptian Editorialist Farag Foda Critiques Islamic Movements in Egypt, 1989 and 1992

352

(7)

6. Islamic Fundamentalist Usama Bin Laden Calls on Muslims to Take Up Arms Against America, 1998

359

(7)

7. Reflections on the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001

366

(6)

CHAPTER 9 Subaltern Groups

372

(38)

1. The Arab Women's Court Vows to Resist Violence Against Women, 1995 and 1998

374

(6)

2. Internet Discussion of Marriage and Education for Saudi Women, 1996

380

(4)

3. Grassroots Environmental Movements in Egypt and Turkey, 1997 and 2000

384

(5)

4. The Imazighen (Berbers) of Algeria Decry the Pronouncement of the Country as "Arab," 1998

389

(2)

5. A Kurdish Activist's Letter Appealing to Berna Yilmaz, the Spouse of the Turkish Prime Minister, September 27, 1998

391

(3)

6. Journalist Lilian Liang Discusses Homosexuality in Egypt, 1999

394

(3)

7. Arab and Israeli Soccer Players Discuss Ethnic Relations in Israel, 2000

397

(5)

8. Self-Reflection by the Communist Party of Iran, 2001

402

(8)

CHAPTER 10 The Future of the Middle East and North Africa

410

1. Selection from a Roundtable Discussion of Globalization and Its Impact on Arab Culture, October 26, 2000

411

(5)

2. Lebanese Author Elias Khoury Argues for Democracy, Demilitarization, and Cultural Pluralism in the Middle East and North Africa, 2000

416

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Sources in the History of the Modern Middle East

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials