South Africa: A Modern History

, by Davenport, T. H. R.; Saunders, Christopher

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ISBN: 9780312233761 | 0312233760
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 8/5/2000

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This book is a comprehensive survey of the whole of South African history from pre-colonial times to 1999. It handles all major topics in some depth, with special focus on the dramatic changes in that country since 1990. It includes an important chapter on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and information on the recent South African elections. Both authors have long experience of university teaching in South Africa and have published widely in the field.

List of Figures

List of Maps

xvii

List of Tables and Graphs

xviii

Foreword

xix

Archbishop Desmond Tutu

Acknowledgements

xxi

Preface

xxiii

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

xxvii

PART ONE: THE PRELUDE TO WHITE DOMINATION

SECTION I THE SETTING OF THE HUMAN PROBLEM

From the Dawn of History to the Time of Troubles

(18)

The earliest South Africans

(3)

The Khoisan peoples

(2)

The emergence of Bantu-speaking chiefdoms

(5)

The upheavals of the early nineteenth century

(8)

The Birth of a Plural Society

(15)

The early years of European settlement

(2)

The Khoikoi and the Dutch

(2)

Cape slavery

(2)

The VOC and the Cape station

(2)

The evolution of the Cape frontier in the eighteenth century

(4)

The creation of a stratified society

(3)

The Enlightenment and the Great Trek

(21)

The eighteenth-century revolution and Cape Colonial `Calvinism'

(4)

The first British occupation, 1795

(1)

Batavian rule, 1803-6

(1)

The return of the British, 1806

(2)

The Albany Settlement of 1820 and its cultural impact

(2)

The emancipation of the slaves and the Cape Coloured people

(3)

The start of the Great Trek

(8)

SECTION II CHIEFDOMS, REPUBLICS AND COLONIES IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

African Chiefdoms

(20)

Tswana chiefdoms of the Kalahari borderland

(2)

Chiefdoms of the Eastern Transvaal: Pedi, Lovedu, Venda and Ndzundza

(1)

The southern Sotho

(1)

The southern Nguni peoples: Xhosa, Thembu, Mpondo

(4)

The Mfengu (Fingo) people

(1)

The northern Nguni peoples: Zulu, Gaza, Ngoni and Swazi

(4)

The Khumalo Ndebele

(1)

The bonds of African society in the nineteenth century

(5)

New concentrations of power after the Mfecane

(2)

Boer Republics

(24)

Voortrekker tribulations

(3)

The Republic Natalia

(1)

Potgieter and Pretorius on the highveld

(3)

The Orange Free State Republic

(2)

The South African Republic, the civil war, and the rise of Paul Kruger

(5)

Ideological rifts under Pretorius and Burgers

(4)

Kruger's Republic and the Uitlander challenge

(6)

British Colonies

101

(28)

Cape political and constitutional growth, 1820-72, and the politics of separatism

101

(6)

Cape politics in the era of diamonds, and the Rhodes-Hofmeyr alliance, 1870-99

107

(4)

Black politics in the nineteenth-century Cape Colony

111

(2)

The founding and settlement of colonial Natal

113

(3)

Shepstone and African administration in Natal

116

(2)

Political developments in Natal to responsible government, 1893

118

(2)

The arrival of Natal's Indians

120

(2)

The Cape, Natal, and the debate about liberalism

122

(7)

SECTION III THE STRUGGLE FOR POSSESSION

White and Black: The Struggle for the Land

129

(65)

The territorial confrontation: preliminary observations

129

(1)

Conflicts on the Cape's northern borders

130

(2)

The eastern frontier of the Cape Colony

132

(17)

The beginnings of contact between the Xhosa and the colonists

132

(4)

The sixth frontier war and the treaty system

136

(3)

The conflicts of 1846-53

139

(2)

Sir George Grey and the cattle-killing of 1857

141

(2)

The Thembu experience

143

(1)

The Gcaleka in exile: the war and rebellions of 1877-80

144

(3)

The incorporation of Pondoland

147

(2)

Griqua conflicts with Settler States

149

(14)

The Cape-Kora wars

149

(1)

The Philippolis Griqua and their exile to Kokstad

149

(4)

The Griqua of Nicholas Waterboer, the land court and the rebellion of 1878

153

(2)

Moshweshwe's Sotho, the Free State and the British, 1833-84

155

(6)

The Rolong of Thaba'Nchu and the Orange Free State

161

(2)

Conflict on the eastern and northern frontiers of the Transvaal

163

(8)

The Pedi, the Boers and the British, 1845-83

163

(6)

The Ndzundza, or Transvaal Ndebele

169

(1)

The Lovedu and the Venda

169

(2)

The Swazi and their `documents'

171

(2)

The survival and overthrow of the Zulu monarchy, 1838-1906

173

(6)

The frontier conflicts of the Tswana on the `Road to the North'

179

(3)

The Tlhaping and Rolong

179

(1)

The northern Tswana kingdoms

180

(2)

The Khumalo Ndebele and the British South Africa Company

182

(4)

The role of the missionaries

186

(4)

The changing ownership of the land

190

(2)

The role of trade in colonial expansion

192

(2)

Empire and Republics: The Breaking of Boer Independence, 1850-1902

194

(39)

Formal and informal Empire

194

(1)

The pursuit of the Voortrekkers

195

(2)

Republican independence: the Sand River and Bloemfontein Conventions, 1852-4

197

(2)

The high commissionerships of Sir George Grey, 1854-61, and Sir Philip Wodehouse, 1862-70

199

(3)

Sir Henry Barkly and the diamond fields, 1870-7

202

(1)

Federal strategies, 1874-80: Carnarvon, Frere, Shepstone and the annexation of the Transvaal

203

(6)

Republican independence again, 1881-4: the Pretoria and London Conventions; conflict over Basutoland and the `Road to the North', 1880-5

209

(4)

The scramble for southern Africa: gold, railways and rival imperialisms, 1880-95

213

(4)

Chamberlain, Rhodes, Milner and Kruger, 1895-9

217

(6)

The Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902

223

(10)

The Shaping of a White Dominion

233

(34)

The Treaty of Vereeniging, 31 May 1902

233

(1)

The Cape and Natal in the post-war era

234

(2)

Milner and reconstruction

236

(4)

The Milner regime and South African blacks: the Lagden Commission, segregation and the Zulu rebellion of 1906

240

(2)

Independent churches and the growth of African and Coloured political movements

242

(2)

Gandhi

244

(1)

The revival of Afrikanerdom

245

(3)

The Transvaal British

248

(3)

The move towards responsible government in the Transvall and Orange River Colony

251

(4)

The formation of the Union of South Africa, 1908-10

255

(7)

Black protest

262

(5)

PART TWO: THE CONSOLIDATION OF A WHITE STATE

SECTION I THE ROAD TO AFRIKANER DOMINANCE

Union under Stress: Botha and Smuts, 1910-24

267

(33)

Louis Botha's accession to power and quarrel with Hertzog

267

(3)

The segregation strategy of the Botha-Smuts regime

270

(3)

The growth of African political opposition: the SANNC and the ICU

273

(3)

Indian affairs: the climax of the Gandhi-Smuts encounter and the defiance of Sapru

276

(4)

White worker resistance, 1913-14

280

(3)

The invasion of German South West Africa and the Afrikaner rebellion of 1914

283

(2)

South Africa in the Great War

285

(1)

Party realignments, 1915-21

286

(2)

Smuts at Versailles, the South West African mandate and the bid to incorporate Southern Rhodesia and the Protectorates

288

(4)

Shadows over the Smuts regime, 1921-2: Bondelswarts, Bulhoek and the Rand Rebellion

292

(5)

The Nationalist-Labour Pact and the 1924 general election

297

(3)

The Afrikaner's Road to Parity: Hertzog, 1924-33

300

(24)

1924-a turning-point?

300

(2)

Dominion status, the flag crisis, and the Protectorates

302

(4)

Hertzog's policies for Asians and Africans

306

(5)

The general election of 1929

311

(2)

The ICU and the ANC in the 1920s

313

(4)

The Great Depression and the politics of coalition and fusion

317

(7)

White Unity, Black Division, 1933-9

324

(20)

The Fusion Government and the `native bills'

324

(5)

The black reaction to Hertzog's 1936 legislation

329

(4)

The party split of 1934 and the rise of `purified' Afrikaner nationalism

333

(7)

The foreign policy of the Fusion era

340

(4)

Smuts and the Liberal-Nationalist Confrontation, 1939-48

344

(33)

South Africa and the Second World War

344

(2)

The Afrikaner Opposition, 1939-43

346

(7)

Liberal reform initiatives and a polarised response, 1942-3

353

(3)

The mineworkers' strike of 1946 and the Fagan Report

356

(5)

Xuma's ANC and the rise of the Youth League

361

(4)

`CAD', `Anti-CAD' and the Non-European Unity Movement

365

(1)

Durban's Indians and the `Pegging' and `Ghetto' Acts

366

(3)

The Nationalist victory in 1948

369

(8)

SECTION II THE AGE OF THE SOCIAL ENGINEERS

Trek into the Wilderness, 1948-60

377

(22)

The first purely Afrikaner government

377

(2)

The Coloured vote issue and new Opposition groups

379

(4)

The politics of the Defiance Campaign

383

(5)

Tomlinson, Verwoerd, and the ideolgy of apartheid

388

(6)

The Strijdom interlude

394

(1)

The defeat of the Coloured parliamentary struggle

395

(1)

Residential and cultural apartheid

396

(3)

Internal Combustion, 1956-64

399

(26)

Rural resistance to the apartheid regime

399

(4)

The Congress of the People and the Freedom Charter, 1955

403

(2)

The first of the major apartheid political trials

405

(1)

Verwoerd's `new vision' and Macmillan's `winds of change', 1959-60

406

(5)

The ANC, the PAC, and Sharpeville, 1960

411

(5)

The first republican referendum, October 1960

416

(2)

Post-Sharpeville resistance: B. J. Vorster and the political underground

418

(6)

The murder of Dr Verwoerd

424

(1)

Modification and Backfire, 1964-78

425

(35)

Living with the Tomlinson Report: industrial licensing and rural resettlement

425

(6)

The extension of Homeland self-government: the first reactions of Homeland leaders and liberal whites

431

(5)

Black Consciousness

436

(1)

The end of indirect representation for Coloured people, and the failure of the Coloured Representative Council

437

(2)

The Theron Report and Vorster's constitutional plans

439

(3)

The extrusion of the Hertzogites and the harrying of the Liberals

442

(5)

African movements in exile and the start of the liberation struggle

447

(2)

`Soweto': the crisis of 1976-7

449

(5)

The information scandal and the fall of Vorster

454

(6)

At the Crossroads, 1978-90

460

(56)

P. W. Botha's political style and aims

460

(6)

The rigid application of population resettlement

466

(5)

The `conspiracy' of gold and maize

471

(3)

Signs of a white backlash

474

(4)

Reactions to denationalisation in the Homelands

478

(10)

School boycotts, resurgent trade unionism, and the revival of Black Consciousness and ANC related activities

488

(8)

Confrontation about consensus: the constitutional debate, 1978-90

496

(10)

The emergency of 1985-90, the rise of F. W. de Klerk and the release of Nelson Mandela

506

(10)

Salesmanship: Ethnasia contra mundum, 1945-90

516

(43)

South Africa and the birth of the United Nations

516

(1)

The Malan-Strijdom era in foreign policy, 1948-58

517

(4)

Dr Verwoerd and the outside world

521

(2)

Continuing confrontation in South West Africa and Angola, 1952-79

523

(7)

South Africa and Rhodesian independence

530

(2)

Vorster: dialogue and detente

532

(1)

Economic sanctions, employment codes, disinvestment and boycotts

533

(7)

The Cape route, strategic minerals and oil

540

(7)

P. W. Botha, the `constellation' concept and the SADCC: through destabilisation to the independence of Namibia, 1979-90

547

(12)

PART THREE: CHALLENGE AND RESPONSE

SECTION III A SEARCH FOR A PROMISED LAND

Towards the Sharing of Power

559

(38)

A Convention for a Democratic South Africa

559

(5)

Rolling mass action and a `messy miracle'

564

(5)

A Democratic South Africa is born: constitutional changes, 1993-6

569

(11)

A new approach to right and justice

580

(3)

Back to partying, 1995-9

583

(9)

Foreign relations, 1990-9

592

(5)

Towards the Sharing of South Africa

597

(62)

Land: the long road to accommodation

597

(10)

Changes in the mining of diamonds and gold

607

(10)

The delayed emergence of a nation of traders

617

(15)

The saga of the workers

632

(12)

The tortuous route to shared cities

644

(15)

Body, Mind and Spirit: A Quest for Humane Values

659

(45)

Health, welfare and physical pursuits

659

(14)

The difficult road to better education

673

(8)

A microcosm of cultures: faith communities and the transition to a democratic order

681

(9)

Truth and Reconciliation

690

(14)

Appendixes

704

(8)

Heads of State, 1652-1999

704

(6)

Party Representation in the House of Assembly, 1910-99

710

(2)

Bibliographical Notes

712

(68)

Index

780

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South Africa: A Modern History

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials