Space-Time Coding for Broadband Wireless Communications

, by Giannakis, Georgios B.; Liu, Zhiqiang; Ma, Xiaoli; Zhou, Sheng

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ISBN: 9780471214793 | 0471214795
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/22/2006

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This is the first book on space-time coding for wireless communications, one of the most promising techniques for ensuring bandwidth efficiency. The text describes theoretical principles as well as engineering applications; discusses key criteria in the design of practical space-time codes; and covers single-carrier and multi-carrier transmission for both single- and multi-user communications.

Preface

Acronyms

xix

1 Motivation and Context

1.1 Evolution of Wireless Communication Systems

1.2 Wireless Propagation Effects

1.3 Parameters and Classification of Wireless Channels

1.3.1 Delay Spread and Coherence Bandwidth

1.3.2 Doppler Spread and Coherence Time

1.4 Providing, Enabling, and Collecting Diversity

1.4.1 Diversity Provided by Frequency-Selective Channels

1.4.2 Diversity Provided by Time-Selective Channels

1.4.3 Diversity Provided by Multi-Antenna Channels

1.5 Chapter-by-Chapter Organization

2 Fundamentals of ST Wireless Communications

2.1 Generic ST System Model

2.2 ST Coding viz Channel Coding

2.3 Capacity of ST Channels

2.3.1 Outage Capacity

2.3.2 Ergodic Capacity

2.4 Error Performance of ST Coding

2.5 Design Criteria for ST Codes

2.6 Diversity and Rate: Finite SNR viz Asymptotics

2.7 Classification of ST Codes

2.8 Closing Comments

3 Coherent ST Codes for Flat Fading Channels

3.1 Delay Diversity ST Codes

3.2 ST Trellis Codes

3.2.1 Trellis Representation

3.2.2 TSC ST Trellis Codes

3.2.3 BBH ST Trellis Codes

3.2.4 GFK ST Trellis Codes

3.2.5 Viterbi Decoding of ST Trellis Codes

3.3 Orthogonal ST Block Codes

3.3.1 Encoding of OSTBCs

3.3.2 Linear ML Decoding of OSTBCs

3.3.3 BER Performance with OSTBCs

3.3.4 Channel Capacity with OSTBCs

3.4 Quasi-Orthogonal ST Block Codes

3.5 ST Linear Complex Field Codes

3.5.1 Antenna Switching and Linear Precoding

3.5.2 Designing Linear Precoding Matrices

3.5.3 Upper Bound on Coding Gain

3.5.4 Construction Based on Parameterization

3.5.5 Construction Based on Algebraic Tools

3.5.6 Decoding ST Linear Complex Field Codes

3.5.7 Modulus-Preserving STLCFC

3.6 Linking OSTBC, QO-STBC, and STLCFC Designs

3.6.1 Embedding MP-STLCFCs into the Alamouti Code

3.6.2 Embedding 2 x 2 MP-STLCFCs into an OSTBC

3.6.3 Decoding QO-MP-STLCFC

3.7 Closing Comments

4 Layered ST Codes

4.1 BLAST Designs

4.1.1 D-BLAST

4.1.2 V-BLAST

4.1.3 Rate Performance with BLAST Codes

4.2 ST Codes Trading Diversity for Rate

4.2.1 Layered ST Codes with Antenna Grouping

4.2.2 Layered High-Rate Codes

4.3 Full-Diversity Full-Rate ST Codes

4.3.1 FDFR Transceiver

4.3.2 Algebraic FDFR Code Design

4.3.3 Mutual Information Analysis

4.3.4 Diversity-Rate-Performance Trade-offs

4.4 Numerical Examples

101

4.5 Closing Comments

104

5 Sphere Decoding and (Near-)Optimal MIMO Demodulation

105

5.1 Sphere Decoding Algorithm

106

5.1.1 Selecting a Finite Search Radius

108

5.1.2 Initializing with Unconstrained LS

109

5.1.3 Searching Within the Fixed-Radius Sphere

110

5.2 Average Complexity of The SDA in Practice

113

5.3 SDA Improvements

117

5.3.1 SDA with Detection Ordering and Nulling-Canceling

117

5.3.2 Schnorr-Euchner Variate of the SDA

118

5.3.3 SDA with Increasing Radius Search

119

5.3.4 Simulated Comparisons

120

5.4 Reduced-Complexity IRS-SDA

123

5.5 Soft-Decision Sphere Decoding

125

5.5.1 List Sphere Decoding

126

5.5.2 Soft SDA Using Hard SDAs

127

5.6 Closing Comments

129

6 Noncoherent and Differential ST Codes for Flat Fading Channels

133

6.1 Noncoherent ST Codes

133

6.1.1 Search-Based Designs

135

6.1.2 Training-Based Designs

138

6.2 Differential ST Codes

139

6.2.1 Scalar Differential Codes

140

6.2.2 Differential Unitary ST Codes

141

6.2.3 Differential Alamouti Codes

144

6.2.4 Differential OSTBCs

147

6.2.5 Cayley Differential Unitary ST Codes

148

6.3 Closing Comments

150

7 ST Codes for Frequency-Selective Fading Channels: Single-Carrier Systems

151

7.1 System Model and Performance Limits

152

7.1.1 Flat Fading Equivalence and Diversity

153

7.1.2 Rate Outage Probability

154

7.2 ST Trellis Codes

156

7.2.1 Generalized Delay Diversity

156

7.2.2 Search-Based STTC Construction

158

7.3 ST Block Codes

161

7.3.1 Block Coding with Two Transmit-Antennas

161

7.3.2 Receiver Processing

164

7.3.3 ML Decoding Based on the Viterbi Algorithm

167

7.3.4 Turbo Equalization

168

7.3.5 Multi-Antenna Extensions

169

7.3.6 OSTBC Properties

172

7.3.7 Numerical Examples

174

7.4 Closing Comments

177

8 ST Codes for Frequency-Selective Channels: Multi-Carrier Systems

179

8.1 General MIMO OFDM Framework

180

8.1.1 OFDM Basics

180

8.1.2 MIMO OFDM

183

8.1.3 STF Framework

184

8.2 ST and SF Coded MIMO OFDM

188

8.3 STF Coded OFDM

189

8.3.1 Subcarrier Grouping

189

8.3.2 GSTF Block Codes

190

8.3.3 GSTF Trellis Codes

192

8.3.4 Numerical Examples

195

8.4 Digital-Phase Sweeping and Block Circular Delay

197

8.5 Full-Diversity Full-Rate MIMO OFDM

201

8.5.1 Encoders and Decoders

201

8.5.2 Diversity and Rate Analysis

203

8.5.3 Numerical Examples

205

8.6 Closing Comments

206

9 ST Codes for Time-Varying Channels

209

9.1 Time-Varying Channels

210

9.1.1 Channel Models

211

9.1.2 Time-Frequency Duality

214

9.1.3 Doppler Diversity

215

9.2 Space-Time-Doppler Block Codes

216

9.2.1 Duality-Based STDO Codes

219

9.2.2 Phase Sweeping Design

222

9.3 Space-Time-Doppler FDFR Codes

227

9.4 Space-Time-Doppler Trellis Codes

227

9.4.1 Design Criterion

228

9.4.2 Smart-Greedy Codes

229

9.5 Numerical Examples

229

9.6 Space-Time-Doppler Differential Codes

231

9.6.1 Inner Codec

233

9.6.2 Outer Differential Codec

234

9.7 ST Codes for Doubly Selective Channels

235

9.7.1 Numerical Examples

237

9.8 Closing Comments

239

10 Joint Galois- and Linear Complex-Field ST Codes

241

10.1 GF-LCF ST Codes

242

10.1.1 Separate Versus Joint GF-LCF ST Coding

243

10.1.2 Performance Analysis

245

10.1.3 Turbo Decoding

248

10.2 GF-LCF Layered ST Codes

251

10.2.1 GF-LCF ST FDFR Codes: QPSK Signaling

251

10.2.2 GF-LCF ST FDFR Codes: QAM Signaling

253

10.2.3 Performance Analysis

256

10.2.4 GF-LCF FDFR Versus GF-Coded V-BLAST

259

10.2.5 Numerical Examples

260

10.3 GF-LCF Coded MIMO OFDM

263

10.3.1 Joint GF-LCF Coding and Decoding

263

10.3.2 Numerical Examples

265

10.4 Closing Comments

265

11 MIMO Channel Estimation and Synchronization

269

11.1 Preamble-Based Channel Estimation

270

11.2 Optimal Training-Based Channel Estimation

271

11.2.1 ZP-Based Block Transmissions

274

11.2.2 CP-Based Block Transmissions

283

11.2.3 Special Cases

288

11.2.4 Numerical Examples

290

11.3 (Semi-)Blind Channel Estimation

293

11.4 Joint Symbol Detection and Channel Estimation

294

11.4.1 Decision-Directed Methods

294

11.4.2 Kalman Filtering-Based Methods

295

11.5 Carrier Synchronization

299

11.5.1 Hopping Pilot-Based CFO Estimation

300

11.5.2 Blind CFO Estimation

305

11.5.3 Numerical Examples

307

11.6 Closing Comments

310

12 ST Codes with Partial Channel Knowledge: Statistical CSI

313

12.1 Partial CSI Models

315

12.1.1 Statistical CSI

315

12.2 ST Spreading

319

12.2.1 Average Error Performance

321

12.2.2 Optimization Based on Average SER Bound

323

12.2.3 Mean Feedback

324

12.2.4 Covariance Feedback

328

12.2.5 Beamforming Interpretation

330

12.3 Combining OSTBC with Beamforming

331

12.3.1 Two-Dimensional Coder-Beatufonner

333

12.4 Numerical Examples

335

12.4.1 Performance with Mean Feedback

335

12.4.2 Performance with Covariance Feedback

339

12.5 Adaptive Modulation for Rate Improvement

344

12.5.1 Numerical Examples

347

12.6 Optimizing Average Capacity

350

12.7 Closing Comments

351

13 ST Codes with Partial Channel Knowledge: Finite-Rate CSI

353

13.1 General Problem Formulation

354

13.2 Finite-Rate Beamforming

356

13.2.1 Beamformer Selection

357

13.2.2 Beamformer Codebook Design

357

13.2.3 Quantifying the Power Loss

362

13.2.4 Numerical Examples

364

13.3 Finite-Rate Precoded Spatial Multiplexing

366

13.3.1 Precoder Selection Criteria

367

13.3.2 Codebook Construction: Infinite Rate

369

13.3.3 Codebook Construction: Finite Rate

371

13.3.4 Numerical Examples

374

13.4 Finite-Rate Precoded OSTBC

380

13.4.1 Precoder Selection Criterion

381

13.4.2 Codebook Construction: Infinite Rate

381

13.4.3 Codebook Construction: Finite Rate

382

13.4.4 Numerical Examples

382

13.5 Capacity Optimization with Finite-Rate Feedback

383

13.5.1 Selection Criterion

383

13.5.2 Codebook Design

384

13.6 Combining Adaptive Modulation with Beamforming

385

13.6.1 Mode Selection

386

13.6.2 Codebook Design

386

13.7 Finite-Rate Feedback in MIMO OFDM

387

13.8 Closing Comments

388

14 ST Codes in the Presence of Interference

391

14.1 ST Spreading

392

14.1.1 Maximizing the Average SINR

393

14.1.2 Minimizing the Average Error Bound

394

14.2 Combining STS with OSTBC

396

14.2.1 Low-Complexity Receivers

399

14.3 Optimal Training with Interference

399

14.3.1 LS Channel Estimation

400

14.3.2 LMMSE Channel Estimation

401

14.4 Numerical Examples

401

14.5 Closing Comments

408

15 ST Codes for Orthogonal Multiple Access

409

15.1 System Model

410

15.1.1 Synchronous Downlink

410

15.1.2 Quasi-synchronous Uplink

411

15.2 Single-Carrier Systems: OSTBC-CIBS-CDMA

413

15.2.1 CIBS-CDMA for User Separation

413

15.2.2 OSTBC Encoding and Decoding

417

15.2.3 Attractive Features of OSTBC-CIBS-CDMA

418

15.2.4 Numerical Examples

421

15.3 Multi-Carrier Systems: STF-OFDMA

425

15.3.1 OFDMA for User Separation

425

15.3.2 STF Block Codes

426

15.3.3 Attractive Features of STF-OFDMA

426

15.3.4 Numerical Examples

428

15.4 Closing Comments

431

References

433

Index

461

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Space-Time Coding for Broadband Wireless Communications

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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Rent More, Save More! Use code: BBRENTAL

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Space-Time Coding for Broadband Wireless Communications

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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