Spatial Pattern Analysis in Plant Ecology

The predictability of the physical arrangement of plants, at whatever scale it is viewed, is referred to as a spatial pattern. Spatial pattern is a crucial aspect of vegetation that has important implications not only for the plants themselves, but also for other organisms that interact with plants, such as herbivores and pollinators; or those animals for which plants provide a habitat. This book describes and evaluates methods for detecting and quantifying a variety of characteristics of spatial pattern. As well as discussing the concepts on which these techniques are based, the book includes examples from real field studies and worked examples, which, together with numerous line figures, help guide the reader through the text.

Preface

ix

Concepts of spatial pattern

1

(30)

Introduction

1

(1)

Pattern and process

1

(5)

Causes of spatial pattern and its development

6

(6)

Concepts of spatial pattern

12

(17)

Concluding remarks

29

(2)

Sampling

31

(19)

Introduction

31

(1)

Sampling for pattern in a fixed frame of reference

32

(13)

Sampling for pattern relative to other plants

45

(3)

Location of sampling

48

(1)

Concluding remarks

49

(1)

Basic methods for one dimension and one species

50

(50)

Introduction

50

(1)

Data

50

(6)

Blocked quadrat variance

56

(2)

Local quadrat variances

58

(13)

Paired quadrat variance

71

(7)

New local variance

78

(5)

Combined analysis

83

(7)

Semivariogram and fractal dimension

90

(1)

Spectral analysis

91

(4)

Other methods

95

(3)

Concluding remarks

98

(2)

Spatial pattern of two species

100

(25)

Introduction

100

(1)

At most one species per point

101

(2)

Several species per point

103

(1)

Blocked quadrat covariance (BQC)

104

(2)

Paired quadrat covariance (PQC) and conditional probability

106

(7)

Two- and three-term local quadrat covariance (TTLQC and 3TLQC)

113

(3)

Comparison of methods

116

(4)

Extensions of covariance analysis

120

(1)

Other approaches

121

(2)

Relative pattern: species association

123

(1)

Concluding remarks

124

(1)

Multispecies pattern

125

(43)

Introduction

125

(3)

Multiscale ordination

128

(8)

Semivariogram and fractal dimension

136

(1)

Methods based on correspondence analysis

137

(2)

Euclidean distance

139

(3)

Comments

142

(1)

Spectral analysis

143

(1)

Other field results

143

(4)

Species associations

147

(18)

Concluding remarks

165

(3)

Two-dimensional analysis of spatial pattern

168

(38)

Introduction

168

(1)

Blocked quadrat variance

169

(1)

Spatial autocorrelation and paired quadrat variance

169

(5)

Two-dimensional spectral analysis

174

(3)

Two-dimensional local quadrat variances

177

(1)

Four-term local quadrat variance

178

(8)

Random paired quadrat frequency

186

(4)

Variogram

190

(2)

Covariation

192

(1)

Paired quadrat covariance (PQC)

193

(2)

Four-term local quadrat covariance

195

(3)

Plant-environment correlation

198

(1)

Cross-variogram

198

(2)

Landscape metrics

200

(2)

Other methods

202

(2)

Concluding remarks

204

(2)

Point patterns

206

(36)

Introduction

206

(1)

Univariate point patterns

207

(20)

Anisotropy

227

(4)

Bivariate point patterns

231

(6)

Multispecies point pattern and quantitative attributes

237

(4)

Concluding remarks

241

(1)

Pattern on an environmental gradient

242

(35)

Introduction

242

(6)

Continuous presence/absence data

248

(22)

Quadrats: presence/absence data

270

(2)

Density data

272

(3)

Concluding remarks

275

(2)

Conclusions and future directions

277

(20)

Summary of recommendations

277

(2)

What next?

279

(1)

Three dimensions

279

(7)

Relation to spatial structure of physical factors

286

(2)

Obvious extensions

288

(1)

Temporal aspects of spatial pattern analysis

288

(2)

Wavelets

290

(3)

Questions and hypotheses

293

(3)

Concluding remarks

296

(1)

Bibliography

297

(17)

Glossary of abbreviations

314

(5)

List of plant species

319

(6)

Index

325

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Spatial Pattern Analysis in Plant Ecology

Summary

Table of Contents

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