Special Distillation Processes

Special distillation processes are required for separation of mixtures close to boiling point or for forming azeotrope mixtures into their pure components. In Special Distillation Processes, the authors focus on latest developments in the field, such as separation methods that may prove useful for solving problems encountered during research. Topics include extraction, membrane and adsorption distillation involving the separation principle, process design and experimental techniques. The relationship between the processes and the techniques are also presented. Comprehensive and easy-to-read, this book provides key information needed to understand the processes and is a valuable reference source for chemical engineers as well as students wishing to branch out in chemical engineering.

Chapter 1. Thermodynamic fundamentals

1

(58)

1. Vapor-liquid phase equilibrium

1

(28)

1.1. The equilibrium ratio

1

(13)

1.2. Liquid-phase Activity coefficient in binary and multi-component mixtures

14

(15)

2. Vapor-liquid-liquid phase equilibrium

29

(1)

3. Salt effect

30

(8)

4. Nonequilibrium Thermodynamic analysis

38

(6)

5. Multi-component mass transfer

44

(11)

References

55

(4)

Chapter 2. Extractive distillation

59

(86)

1. Introduction

59

(4)

2. Process of extractive distillation

63

(12)

2.1. Column sequence

63

(6)

2.2. Combination with other separation processes

69

(1)

2.3. Tray configuration

70

(2)

2.4. Operation policy

72

(3)

3. Solvent of extractive distillation

75

(17)

3.1. Extractive distillation with solid salt

75

(4)

3.2. Extractive distillation with liquid solvent

79

(7)

3.3. Extractive distillation with the combination of liquid solvent and solid salt

86

(3)

3.4. Extractive distillation with ionic liquid

89

(3)

4. Experimental techniques of extractive distillation

92

(9)

4.1. Direct method

93

(3)

4.2. Gas-liquid chromatography method

96

(1)

4.3. Ebulliometric method

97

(1)

4.4. Inert gas stripping and gas chromatography method

98

(3)

5. CAMD of extractive distillation

101

(17)

5.1. CAMD for screening solvents

101

(15)

5.2. Other methods for screening solvents

116

(2)

6. Theory of extractive distillation

118

(8)

6.1. Prausnitz and Anderson theory

119

(3)

6.2. Scaled particle theory

122

(4)

7. Mathematical models of extractive distillation

126

(14)

7.1. EQ stage model

127

(6)

7.2. NEQ stage model

133

(7)

References

140

(5)

Chapter 3. Azeotropic distillation

145

(33)

1. Introduction

145

(4)

2. Entrainer selection

149

(5)

3. Mathematical models

154

(21)

3.1. Graphical method

154

(11)

3.2. EQ and NEQ stage models

165

(7)

3.3. Multiple steady-state analysis

172

(3)

References

175

(3)

Chapter 4. Catalytic distillation

178

(44)

1. Fixed-bed catalytic distillation

178

(11)

1.1. FCD Advantages

178

(3)

1.2. Hardware structure

181

(6)

1.3. Mathematical models

187

(2)

2. Suspension catalytic distillation

189

(29)

2.1. Tray efficiency and hydrodynamics of SCD

189

(10)

2.2. Alkylation of benzene and propylene

199

(11)

2.3. Alkylation of benzene and 1-dodecene

210

(8)

References

218

(4)

Chapter 5. Adsorption distillation

222

(19)

1. Fixed-bed adsorption distillation

222

(8)

1.1. Introduction

222

(1)

1.2. Thermodynamic interpretation

223

(1)

1.3. Comparison of FAD and extractive distillation

224

(6)

2. Suspension adsorption distillation

230

(9)

2.1. Introduction

230

(1)

2.2. Thermodynamic interpretation

231

(8)

References

239

(2)

Chapter 6. Membrane distillation

241

(79)

1. Introduction

241

(1)

2. Separation principle

242

(8)

2.1. MD phenomenon

242

(1)

2.2. Definition of MD process

243

(1)

2.3. Membrane characteristics

243

(2)

2.4. Membrane wetting

245

(1)

2.5. The advantages of MD

246

(1)

2.6. MD configurations

247

(3)

3. Transport process

250

(7)

3.1. Heat transfer

250

(2)

3.2. Mass transfer

252

(2)

3.3. Mechanism of gas transport in porous medium

254

(2)

3.4. Characteristics of porous membrane

256

(1)

4. Mathematical model

257

(28)

4.1. Mathematical model of DCMD

259

(3)

4.2. Performance of DCMD

262

(10)

4.3. Mathematical model of VMD

272

(4)

4.4. Performance of VMD

276

(4)

4.5. Mathematical model of AGMD

280

(2)

4.6. Performance of AGMD

282

(3)

5. Module performance

285

(25)

5.1. Performance of flat sheet membrane module

285

(11)

5.2. Performance of hollow fibre membrane module

296

(14)

6. Applications of MD

310

(7)

6.1. Desalination

310

(3)

6.2. Concentration of aqueous solution

313

(3)

6.3. Separation of volatile component

316

(1)

References

317

(3)

Chapter 7. Pressure-swing distillation

320

(8)

1. Introduction

320

(2)

1.1. Separation principle

320

(1)

1.2. Operation modes

320

(2)

2. Design of PSD

322

(5)

2.1. Column sequence

322

(2)

2.2. Column number

324

(3)

References

327

(1)

Chapter 8. Other distillation techniques

328

(26)

1. High viscosity material distillation

328

(5)

1.1. Introduction

328

(1)

1.2. Design of high-efficiency flow-guided sieve tray

329

(3)

1.3. Industrial application of high-efficiency flow-guided sieve tray

332

(1)

2. Thermally coupled distillation

333

(16)

2.1. Introduction

333

(4)

2.2. Design and synthesis of TCD

337

(10)

2.3. Application of TCD in special distillation processes

347

(2)

3. Heat pump and multi-effect distillations

349

(1)

4. Molecular distillation

350

(1)

References

351

(3)

Index

354

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