Speech and Hearing Science Anatomy and Physiology

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ISBN: 9780138274375 | 0138274371
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/21/1997

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This comprehensive and highly-popular book is dedicated to the rehabilitation and habilation of the speech and hearing impaired. A solid foundation of anatomy and physiology are not the only things this book provides! also included are more advanced topics such as respiration, phonation, articulation, neurology, and hearing. This exceptional read is perfect for new speech-language pathologists, audiologists, deaf interpreters, physicians, ear, nose, and throat specialists, and others interested in speech and hearing disorders.

Foreword

xiii

Preface

xiv

Introduction and Orientation

(32)

Introduction

(2)

Definition of Anatomy

(1)

Anatomic Variability

(1)

Definition of Physiology

(1)

Anatomical Nomenclature

(3)

The Anatomical Position

(1)

General Anatomical Terms

(1)

Planes of Reference

(1)

Cells

(1)

Elementary Tissues

(21)

Epithelial Tissues

(1)

Epithelial Tissue Proper

(1)

Endothelial Tissue

(1)

Mesothelial Tissue

(1)

Connective Tissue

(1)

Loose Connective Tissue

(1)

Dense Connective Tissue

(1)

Special Connective Tissue

(6)

Muscle Tissue

(1)

Striated Muscle

(1)

Smooth Muscle

(1)

Cardiac Muscle (Myocardium)

(1)

Muscle Contraction

(4)

Muscle Architecture

(1)

Muscle Attachments

(1)

Muscle Action

(2)

Nomenclature of Muscles

(1)

Nervous Tissue

(1)

The Motor Unit

(1)

Innervation Ratio

(1)

Vascular Tissue

(1)

Organs

(1)

Systems

(1)

Speech Production

(2)

The Need for an Integrative Approach

(1)

Sound Production

(1)

Bibliography and Reading List

(1)

Breathing

(67)

Introduction

(1)

Definition of Breathing

(1)

The Physics of Breathing

(1)

The Respiratory Passage

(8)

The Trachea

(1)

The Bronchi

(1)

The Bronchioles

(1)

The Alveoli

(1)

The Lungs (Pulmones)

(1)

Properties of the Alveoli

(1)

Description of the Lungs

(2)

The Pleurae

(2)

The Effects of Growth on Stretching Forces

(1)

The Framework for the Breathing Mechanism

(12)

The Spinal Column

(1)

Anatomy of the Vertebrae

(1)

Articulations in the Vertebral Column

(1)

Types of Vertebrae

(3)

Development of Spinal Curves

(1)

The Sternum

(1)

The Ribs

(1)

The Rib Cage

(1)

The Anatomy of a Rib

(1)

Costal Articulations

(1)

Movement of the Ribs in Breathing

(1)

The Pelvic Girdle

(2)

The Pectoral Girdle

(1)

The Musculature of the Breathing Mechanism

(21)

Introduction

(1)

The Muscles of the Thorax

(1)

The Diaphragm

(3)

The Intercostal Muscles

(1)

Transversus Thoracis (Triangularis Sterni)

(1)

The Costal Elevators (Levatores Costarum Levator Costalis)

(1)

Serratus Posterior Muscles

(1)

Action of the Muscles of the Thorax

(1)

Action of the Diaphragm

(1)

Action of the Intercostal Muscles

(2)

Possible Contributions of Other Thoracic Muscles

(1)

Muscles of the Neck and Their Action

(1)

Sternocleidomastoid (Sternomastoid)

(1)

Scalene (lateral vertebral) Muscles

(1)

Musculature of the Torso

(1)

Muscles of the Upper Limb and Back

(1)

Deep Muscles of the Back

(1)

Muscles of the Chest Wall and Shoulder

(2)

Abdominal Musculature and Its Role

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Anterolateral Abdominal Muscles

(4)

Posterior Abdominal Muscles

(1)

The Mechanics of Breathing

(20)

Introduction

(1)

Measurement of Pulmonary Subdivisions

(2)

Lung Volumes

(1)

Tidal Volume (TV)

(1)

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

(1)

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

(1)

Residual Volume (RV)

(1)

Lung Capacities

(1)

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

(1)

Vital Capacity (VC)

(1)

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

(1)

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

(1)

Significance of Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities

(1)

Effects of Body Position

(1)

The Role of Residual Volume

(1)

Factors Affecting Vital Capacity

(2)

Air Exchange Rates

(1)

A Functional Unit Concept

(2)

Pressure Relationships in the Chest Cavity

(1)

Regulation of Alveolar Pressure

(1)

Forced Exhalation

(1)

Relaxation Pressure

(1)

Pressure-Volume Diagrams

(2)

The Effects of Air Flow Resistance

(1)

Airway Resistance

(1)

Electrical Analog

(1)

Pressure and Air-Flow Regulation During Speech

(1)

Measurement of Subglottal (Alveolar) Pressure

(1)

Maintenance of a Constant Subglottal Pressure Level

(1)

Checking Action

(1)

Lung Volumes Required for Speech

(1)

Chest Wall Preparation for Speech

(1)

Variations in Breathing Patterns

(1)

A Descriptive Account of a Cycle of Breathing

(1)

Bibliography and Reading List

(4)

Phonation

100

(97)

Introduction

101

(1)

Biological Functions of the Larynx

101

(1)

Nonbiological Functions of the Larynx

101

(1)

The Mechanics of the Sound Generator

102

(1)

The Supportive Framework of the Larynx

102

(2)

The Hyoid Bone

102

(1)

The Hyoid Musculature

102

(1)

Anatomy of the Hyoid Bone

103

(1)

A Note on Variability

103

(1)

The Cartilaginous Framework of the Larynx

104

(10)

The Thyroid Cartilage

104

(1)

The Cricoid Cartilage

105

(1)

The Arytenoid Cartilages

106

(1)

The Corniculate Cartilages

106

(1)

The Epiglottis

107

(1)

Anatomy

107

(2)

Function

109

(1)

The Cuneiform Cartilages

110

(1)

The Laryngeal Joint

110

(1)

The Cricoarytenoid Joint

110

(2)

The Cricothyroid Joint

112

(2)

Membranes and Ligaments of the Larynx

114

(3)

Extrinsic Laryngeal Membranes

114

(1)

The Hyothyroid Membrane and Ligaments

114

(1)

The Hyoepiglottic Ligament

114

(1)

The Cricotracheal Membrane

114

(1)

Intrinsic Laryngeal Membranes and Ligaments

115

(1)

The Conus Elasticus (Cricovocal Membrane)

115

(1)

The Quadrangular Membranes

116

(1)

Mucous Membrane of the Larynx

116

(1)

The Interior of the Larynx

117

(4)

The Cavity of the Larynx

117

(1)

The Supraglottal Region

117

(1)

The Ventricle of the Larynx (Laryngeal Sinus)

117

(1)

The Ventricular Folds

117

(1)

The Subglottal Region

118

(1)

The Vocal Folds (Plicae Vocales)

118

(1)

The Glottis (Rima Glottidis, Rima Glottis, Glottal Chink)

119

(2)

The Muscles of the Larynx

121

(4)

The Extrinsic Muscles of the Larynx

121

(1)

The Sternothyroid Muscle

122

(1)

The Thyrohyoid Muscle

122

(1)

The Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor

122

(1)

The Suprahyoid Muscles (Laryngeal Elevators)

123

(1)

The Digastric Muscle

123

(1)

The Stylohyoid Muscle

123

(1)

The Mylohyoid Muscle

124

(1)

The Geniohyoid Muscle

124

(1)

The Hyoglossus Muscle

124

(1)

The Genioglossus Muscle

124

(1)

The Infrahyoid Muscles (Laryngeal Depressors)

125

(12)

The Sternohyoid Muscle

125

(1)

The Omohyoid Muscle

125

(1)

The Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx

126

(1)

Introduction

126

(2)

The Thyroarytenoid Muscle (Adductor, Tensor, or Relaxer)

128

(3)

The Superior Thyroarytenoid Muscle (Relaxer)

131

(1)

The Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle (Abductor)

132

(1)

The Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle (Adductor, Relaxer)

133

(1)

The Arytenoid (Interarytenoid) Muscles (Adductors)

133

(2)

The Cricothyroid Muscle (Tensor)

135

(1)

The Thyroid Gland

136

(1)

Methods of Investigation of Laryngeal Physiology

137

(7)

The Development of Laryngoscopy

138

(1)

Contemporary Methods of Investigation

139

(1)

Endoscopy

139

(1)

High-Speed Cinematography

140

(1)

Glottography (Electroglottography)

140

(1)

Transillumination-Photoconduction

141

(1)

Radiography

141

(2)

Supplementary Diagnostic and Research Techniques

143

(1)

Electromyography

143

(1)

Air-Flow and Subglottal Pressure Measures

143

(1)

Laryngeal Physiology and the Mechanics of Phonation

144

(42)

Introduction

144

(1)

The Onset of Phonation

145

(1)

The Prephonation Phase

145

(1)

The Attack Phase

146

(4)

Characteristics of a Vibratory Cycle

150

(1)

Glottal Area

150

(1)

Open and Speed Quotients

150

(1)

The Mode of Vocal Fold Vibration

150

(2)

The Pitch-Changing Mechanism

152

(1)

Introduction

152

(1)

The Pitch-Raising Mechanism

153

(6)

The Pitch-Lowering Mechanism

159

(1)

The Extrinsic Muscles and the Pitch-Changing Mechanism

159

(1)

The Intensity-Changing Mechanism

160

(1)

Vocal Fold Movement and Intensity Changes

160

(1)

Subglottal Pressure and Vocal Intensity

160

(2)

Glottal Resistance, Air Flow, and Vocal Intensity

162

(1)

Musculature Responsible for Changes in Vocal Intensity

163

(1)

The Relationship of Pitch and Intensity

163

(1)

Transglottal Pressure Differential

164

(1)

Influence of Articulation on Transglottal Pressure Differentials

164

(1)

Significance of Transglottal Pressure Differential

165

(1)

Checking Action and Air-Flow Resistance

165

(1)

Voice Registers

165

(1)

Voice Register and Mode of Vocal Fold Vibration

166

(1)

Voice Register Criteria

166

(1)

The Limits of the Pitch Range

167

(1)

Falsetto

167

(1)

Laryngeal Whistle

168

(1)

Glottal Fry (Pulse Register)

169

(1)

Vibrato

169

(2)

Voice Quality (The Semantic Merry-Go-Round)

171

(1)

Specifiable Parameters of Voice Production

172

(1)

Maximum Frequency (Pitch) Range

172

(1)

Mean Rate of Vocal Fold Vibration (Habitual Pitch)

172

(1)

Air Cost (Maximum Phonation Time)

172

(1)

Minimum-Maximum Intensity at Various Pitches

172

(1)

Periodicity of Vocal Fold Vibration (Jitter)

172

(1)

Noise

173

(2)

Resonance

175

(1)

Whisper

176

(1)

Age and Sex Differences in the Larynx

177

(1)

The Infant Larynx

177

(1)

The Descent of the Larynx

178

(1)

The Young Larynx

178

(1)

The Vocal Folds

179

(1)

The Thyroid Angle

179

(1)

The Aging Larynx

180

(2)

Theories of Voice Production

182

(1)

Models of the Larynx and Vocal Tract

183

(1)

Introduction

183

(1)

A Single-Degree-of-Freedom Model

184

(1)

A Two-Degree-of-Freedom Model

184

(1)

The Sixteen-Mass Model

185

(1)

Bibliography and Reading List

186

(11)

Articulation

197

(121)

Introduction

198

(1)

The Skull

198

(28)

An Overview

198

(5)

Bones of the Facial Skeleton

203

(1)

The Mandible

203

(4)

The Maxillae

207

(2)

The Nasal Bones

209

(1)

The Palatine Bones

209

(1)

The Lacrimal Bones

210

(2)

The Zygomatic (Malar) Bones

212

(1)

The Inferior Nasal Conchae (Inferior Turbinated Bones)

212

(1)

The Vomer Bone

213

(1)

Bones of the Cranium

213

(1)

The Ethmoid Bone

213

(2)

The Frontal Bone

215

(1)

The Parietal Bone

216

(1)

The Occipital Bone

216

(2)

The Temporal Bones

218

(2)

The Sphenoid Bone

220

(3)

The Sinuses

223

(1)

Introduction

223

(1)

The Frontal Sinuses

224

(1)

The Maxillary Sinuses

224

(1)

The Ethmoid Sinuses

224

(1)

The Sphenoid Sinuses

224

(1)

Functions of the Sinuses

224

(1)

The Mastoid Air Cells

224

(2)

The Cavities of the Vocal Tract

226

(5)

Introduction

226

(1)

The Buccal Cavity

226

(1)

The Oral Cavity

226

(1)

The Oropharyngeal Isthmus

226

(1)

The Pharyngeal Cavity

226

(1)

The Nasopharynx

226

(1)

The Oropharynx

227

(1)

The Laryngopharynx

227

(1)

The Nose and Nasal Cavities

228

(1)

Cartilages of the Nose

228

(1)

Muscles of the Nose

229

(1)

The Nasal Cavities

229

(1)

Functions of the Nose

230

(1)

The Articulators and Associated Structures

231

(60)

Functions of the Mouth

231

(1)

Biological Functions

231

(1)

Nonbiological Functions

231

(1)

The Pyramid of Polyfunction

232

(1)

The Lips (Rima Oris)

232

(1)

Anatomy

232

(1)

Function

232

(1)

The Cheeks (Buccae)

233

(1)

Glands

233

(1)

Buccal Fat Pad (Pad of Bichat)

233

(1)

Muscles of the Face and Mouth

233

(1)

The Orbicularis Oris Muscle

233

(2)

The Transverse Facial Muscles

235

(1)

The Angular Facial Muscles

236

(1)

The Vertical Facial Muscles

237

(1)

The Parallel Facial Muscles

237

(1)

The Platysma---A Superficial Cervical Muscle

238

(1)

Supplementary Muscles of Expression

238

(1)

The Teeth

239

(1)

Introduction

239

(1)

The Structure of a Tooth

239

(1)

The Periodontal Ligament (or Membrane)

240

(1)

Dental Morphology

240

(1)

The Life Cycle of a Tooth

241

(3)

The Deciduous (Primary) Dental Arch

244

(1)

The Mixed Dentition

244

(1)

The Permanent Dental Arch

245

(2)

Anomalies Associated with Tooth Development

247

(1)

Spatial Relationships of the Teeth

248

(1)

Occlusion

248

(3)

The Tongue

251

(1)

Introduction

251

(1)

Description

251

(1)

Surface Anatomy

252

(1)

Superficial Anatomy

252

(1)

Deep Structures

253

(1)

The Intrinsic Muscles of the Tongue

253

(1)

The Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue

254

(2)

Anomalies of the Tongue

256

(1)

The Tongue as an Articulator

257

(2)

The Mandible

259

(1)

Introduction

259

(1)

The Temporomandibular Joint

259

(1)

The Mandibular Depressors (Inframandibular Muscles)

260

(1)

The Mandibular Elevators

261

(1)

Mandibular Movement

262

(1)

Anomalies of the Temporomandibular Joint

263

(1)

The Palate

264

(1)

The Hard Palate

264

(1)

The Palatal Vault (Arch)

265

(1)

The Soft Palate (Velum)

265

(5)

The Tonsils

270

(1)

Lingual Tonsil

271

(1)

Adenoids (Pharyngeal Tonsil)

271

(1)

Palatine Tonsils

272

(1)

Relevance to Speech

272

(1)

The Pharynx

273

(1)

The Nasopharynx

274

(1)

The Oropharynx

274

(1)

The Laryngopharynx

274

(1)

Muscles of the Pharynx

274

(4)

The Relationship of the Pharynx to the Vertebral Column

278

(1)

The Velopharyngeal Mechanism

278

(1)

Role in Speech Production

278

(1)

Cinefluorographic Studies

279

(1)

Electromyographic Studies

279

(1)

Other Studies

279

(1)

Passavant's Pad

279

(1)

Harrington's Study

280

(1)

Swallowing

280

(1)

The First Stage

280

(1)

The Second Stage

280

(1)

The Last Stage

281

(1)

Growth of the Head

281

(1)

Methods of Study

281

(1)

Cephalometry

281

(6)

Influences on Growth of the Skull

287

(1)

Growth of Bone and Cartilage

287

(1)

The Infant Skull

287

(2)

Growth of the Cranium

289

(1)

Growth of the Facial Skeleton

289

(2)

Sex Differences in the Skull

291

(1)

Contributions of the Articulators

291

(22)

Research Techniques

291

(1)

Challenges

291

(1)

Aerodynamic Measurements

292

(1)

Electromyography

292

(1)

Photography

292

(1)

Radiography

292

(1)

Palatography

292

(1)

Articulation Tracking Devices

293

(1)

Speech Production: A Review

293

(1)

Resonance

294

(1)

Natural Frequency

294

(1)

Forced Vibration

294

(1)

Radiation of Energy

294

(1)

Resonant Frequencies of Vibrating Air Columns

294

(1)

The Source-Filter Theory of Speech Production

295

(1)

Characteristics of the Source

295

(1)

Transfer Function of the Vocal Tract

296

(1)

The Vocal Tract as a Uniform Tube

297

(1)

Formant Frequencies (Resonances)

297

(1)

Effects of Configurations of the Vocal Tract

298

(1)

Radiation Resistance

298

(2)

Vowels

300

(1)

Classification

300

(1)

Vowel Articulation

301

(2)

Consonants

303

(1)

Comparison of Vowels and Consonants

303

(1)

Classification of Consonants

304

(4)

Some Aspects of Contextual Speech

308

(1)

Targets

308

(1)

Phonetics and Phonemics

309

(1)

Segmental Features

309

(1)

Suprasegmental Elements

310

(1)

Transitions

310

(1)

Coarticulation

311

(1)

The Role of Feedback in Speech Production

312

(1)

Auditory Feedback

312

(1)

Delayed Auditory Feedback

312

(1)

Motor Feedback

312

(1)

Facilitation of Compensatory Movement

313

(1)

Bibliography and Reading List

313

(5)

The Nervous System

318

(96)

Introduction

319

(1)

Tools of the Trade

319

(1)

General Organization of the Nervous System

320

(7)

Divisions of the Nervous System

320

(1)

Neurons, Nerves, and Nerve Tracts

320

(1)

The Synapse

321

(1)

The Central Nervous System

321

(1)

The Brain

321

(2)

The Spinal Cord

323

(2)

The Meninges

325

(1)

The Peripheral Nervous System

325

(1)

Spinal and Cranial Nerves

325

(1)

Autonomic Nervous System

326

(1)

Functional Anatomy of the Central Nervous System

327

(40)

The Meninges

327

(1)

Dura Mater

327

(1)

Arachnoid Mater

327

(2)

Pia Mater

329

(1)

The Brain

329

(1)

The Telencephalon (Forebrain)

329

(12)

The Diencephalon

341

(4)

The Mesencephalon (Midbrain)

345

(2)

The Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain)

347

(9)

The Spinal Cord

356

(1)

External Features

356

(1)

Internal Structure

357

(3)

Lesions of the Spinal Cord

360

(1)

The Cerebral Cortex (Pallium)

360

(1)

Cortical Mapping

361

(2)

Hemispheric Dominance

363

(3)

Cerebrocortical Lesions

366

(1)

The Reticular Formation

366

(1)

Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System

367

(14)

The Cranial Nerves

367

(1)

Cranial Nerve I (Olfactory)

368

(1)

Cranial Nerve II (Optic)

368

(2)

Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor)

370

(1)

Cranial Nerve IV (Trochlear)

370

(1)

Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal)

370

(2)

Cranial Nerve VI (Abducent)

372

(1)

Cranial Nerve VII (Facial)

372

(1)

Cranial Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear)

373

(1)

Cranial Nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal)

374

(1)

Cranial Nerve X (Vagus)

374

(1)

Cranial Nerve XI (Accessory or Spinal Accessory)

375

(1)

Cranial Nerve XII (Hypoglossal)

376

(1)

The Spinal Nerves

376

(1)

The Autonomic Nervous System

377

(3)

Sympathetic or Thoracolumbar Division

380

(1)

Parasympathetic or Craniosacral Division

380

(1)

The Structural and Functional Aspects of Neurons

381

(25)

The Structure of Neurons

381

(1)

Structures of the Cytoplasm

382

(1)

Derivation of Neurons

382

(1)

Axons and Dendrites

382

(1)

Neuroglial (Supportive) Cells

383

(1)

Development of Glial Cells

383

(1)

Neuroglial Cells and Nerve Processes

383

(1)

Connective Tissue Coverings of Neural Tissue

384

(1)

Degeneration and Regeneration of Peripheral Nerve Fibers

385

(1)

Neuron Excitation and Conduction

385

(1)

Charged Particles and Resting Membrane Potential

385

(2)

The Sodium-Potassium Pump

387

(1)

The Action Potential

387

(4)

The Neural Synapse

391

(1)

Neurotransmitters

392

(1)

Summation

393

(1)

The Neuromuscular Synapse (or Junction)

393

(1)

Receptors

394

(1)

Types of Receptors

394

(1)

Receptor Potentials

394

(1)

Form and Function

395

(1)

Specialized Receptors

395

(2)

Muscle and Tendon Receptors

397

(3)

The Stretch Reflex

400

(1)

The Reflex Arc

400

(1)

Neural Pathways

401

(1)

Pathway for Pain and Temperature

401

(1)

Pathway for Pressure and Crude Touch

401

(1)

Pathway for Proprioception, Fine Touch and Vibration

402

(2)

The Pyramidal (Corticospinal, Voluntary Motor) Pathway

404

(1)

The Corticospinal Tracts

404

(1)

The Corticobulbar Tracts

404

(1)

The Extrapyramidal Pathway

405

(1)

Nervous Control of the Speech Mechanism

406

(4)

Respiration

406

(1)

The Respiratory Center

406

(1)

Stimuli Regulating Respiration

407

(1)

Plexuses

408

(1)

The Tongue

408

(1)

The Muscles of Mastication

409

(1)

The Pharynx

409

(1)

The Soft Palate

409

(1)

The Larynx

410

(1)

An Introduction to the Endocrine System

410

(3)

The Thyroid Gland

410

(1)

The Parathyroid Glands

411

(1)

The Adrenal Glands

411

(1)

The Pituitary Gland

412

(1)

The Gonads

412

(1)

The Pancreas

412

(1)

The Thymus

413

(1)

Bibliography and Reading List

413

(1)

Hearing

414

(98)

The Nature of Sound

415

(20)

The Properties of Sound

415

(1)

Vibration

415

(1)

Measurable Characteristics of Vibratory Motion

415

(1)

Simple Harmonic Vibration

416

(2)

Sound Waves

418

(1)

Compression and Rarefaction of Air Particles

418

(1)

Phase Relationships of Sound Waves

418

(1)

Types of Vibration

419

(1)

Wavelength, Frequency, and Velocity

420

(1)

Energy of Sound Waves

420

(1)

Sounds in Air

420

(1)

Spherical Radiation and Plane Waves

421

(1)

Reflection

422

(2)

Diffraction

424

(1)

Interference

425

(2)

Complex Sounds

427

(4)

Resonance and Filters

431

(1)

Tuned Resonators

432

(1)

Passive Filters

432

(1)

Amplifiers

433

(1)

The Decibel

434

(1)

Ratio and Interval Scales

434

(1)

Logarithmic or Exponential Scales

434

(1)

The Bel

434

(1)

Standard Reference Intensities

435

(1)

Sound Pressure Level Expressed in Decibels

435

(1)

The Ear

435

(42)

Introduction

435

(2)

The External Ear

437

(1)

The Auricle (Pinna)

437

(1)

The External Auditory Meatus (Ear Canal)

437

(1)

Acoustical Properties of the External Ear

438

(1)

Resonance Effects of the Outer Ear

439

(1)

The Middle Ear

440

(1)

The Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum)

440

(2)

The Tympanic (Middle Ear) Cavity

442

(3)

The Auditory (Pharyngotympanic, Eustachian) Tube

445

(3)

The Auditory Ossicles

448

(4)

The Tympanic Muscles

452

(5)

Stapes Movement as a Protective Mechanism

457

(1)

The Transformer Action of the Middle Ear

458

(6)

The Inner Ear

464

(1)

The Bony Labyrinth

464

(3)

The Membranous Labyrinth

467

(4)

The Spiral Organ (of Corti)

471

(6)

The Function of the Inner Ear

477

(30)

Introduction

477

(1)

Theories of Hearing

478

(1)

Introduction

478

(1)

Resonance Theory

478

(1)

Nonanalytic Frequency (or Telephone) Theory

479

(1)

Standing Wave Theory

480

(1)

Pressure Pattern Theory

480

(1)

Traveling Wave Theory

481

(1)

Frequency Analytic Theory

481

(1)

Bekesy's Traveling Wave Theory

481

(5)

Analytic Theory

486

(1)

Excitation of the Hair Cells

487

(1)

Shearing Action

487

(2)

Deformation of the Stereocilia

489

(1)

Neurophysiology of the Cochlea

489

(1)

The Membrane Theory

489

(1)

Electrical Potentials

489

(5)

Transduction in the Cochlea

494

(5)

The Nerve Supply to the Cochlea

499

(1)

The Afferent Nerve Supply

499

(2)

The Efferent Nerve Supply

501

(1)

The Autonomic Nerve Supply

502

(1)

Summary

502

(1)

The Role of the Efferent System

502

(1)

The Ascending Auditory Pathway

503

(1)

Bone Conduction

504

(1)

Displacements of the Skull

505

(1)

Inertial Lag of the Ossicular Chain

506

(1)

Occlusion Effect

507

(1)

Bibliography and Reading List

507

(5)

Embryology of the Speech and Hearing Mechanism

512

(37)

Early Embryonic Development

513

(7)

Mitosis

513

(1)

Mitotic Cell Division

513

(1)

Interphase

513

(1)

Prophase

513

(1)

Metaphase

513

(1)

Anaphase

513

(1)

Telophase

513

(1)

Gametogenesis

513

(1)

Meiosis

514

(1)

Fertilization

514

(1)

Development of the Yolk Sac

515

(1)

Development of the Amniotic Cavity

515

(1)

Establishment of Maternal/Fetal Communication

516

(1)

The Villi

516

(1)

The Body Stalk

516

(1)

The Primitive Streak and Notochord

516

(1)

Development of the Neural Tube

517

(1)

Formation of Somites

517

(1)

Sclerotome

517

(1)

Myotome (Myomere)

518

(1)

Dermatome

519

(1)

The Flexion of the Embryo

519

(1)

Development of the Structures for Speech and Hearing

520

(13)

Early Development of the Facial Region and Palate

520

(1)

Derivatives of the Three Primary Layers of Tissue

520

(1)

Development of the Primitive Mouth

520

(1)

The Branchial Arches and Their Derivatives

521

(1)

Development of the Facial Region

521

(1)

The Third and Fourth Week

521

(2)

The Fifth Week (The Primordial Areas)

523

(1)

The Sixth Week

524

(1)

The Seventh Week

524

(1)

Development of the Primary and Secondary Palates

524

(1)

The Primary Palate

524

(1)

Changes in the Mandibular Arch

525

(1)

Differential Facial Growth

525

(1)

The Secondary Palate

526

(1)

Summary of Development of the Palate

527

(1)

Development of the Tongue

528

(1)

Development of the Respiratory System

529

(1)

The Larynx

530

(1)

The Lungs

530

(1)

Development of the Outer Ear (and the Hyoid Bone)

531

(1)

The Cartilages of the Branchial Arches

531

(1)

The External Ear

531

(1)

Development of the Teeth

532

(1)

The Development Sequence

532

(1)

Early Development

532

(1)

The Cap Stage

532

(1)

The Bell Stage

533

(1)

The Tooth Germ

533

(1)

Maturation of Enamel

533

(1)

Formation of Dentin

533

(1)

Development of the Nervous System

533

(12)

Early Development

533

(1)

Fusion of the Neural Folds

533

(1)

Derivatives of the Neural Tube

534

(1)

Primitive Medullary Epithelial Cells

534

(1)

Differentiation of Primitive Medullary Cells

534

(1)

Types of Differentiation

534

(1)

Neurons

535

(1)

Differentiation of the Neural Tube

536

(1)

Differentiation of the Neural Crest

536

(1)

Myelin-Forming Cells

536

(1)

Zones (Layers) of the Neural Tube

537

(1)

Development of the Longitudinal Sulcus and Septum

537

(1)

Formation of Somatic and Visceral Columns

537

(1)

Development of the Spinal Nerves

537

(1)

Development of the Spinal Cord

538

(1)

Bell's Law

538

(1)

Neuromeres

538

(1)

The Primary Brain Vesicles

538

(1)

The Flexion Stage

538

(1)

The Rhombencephalon

538

(4)

The Mesencephalon

542

(1)

The Prosencephalon

542

(3)

Development of the Inner Ear

545

(2)

Early Development of the Inner Ear

545

(2)

The Development of the Membranous Labyrinth

547

(1)

The Development of the Osseous Labyrinth

547

(1)

Bibliography and Reading List

547

(2)

Circulation

549

(14)

Introduction

550

(1)

The Circulatory System

550

(1)

The Cardiovascular System

550

(1)

The Lymphatic System

550

(1)

Circulatory Fluids

550

(1)

Blood

550

(1)

Tissue Fluid and Lymph

550

(1)

General Features of the Cardiovascular System

551

(5)

The Pulmonary Circuit

551

(1)

The Systemic Circuit

551

(1)

Systemic Arteries

551

(3)

Systemic Veins

554

(1)

The Heart

555

(1)

Blood Supply for the Speech and Hearing Mechanism

556

(6)

The Larynx

556

(1)

The Face

557

(1)

The Tongue

557

(1)

The Palatine Tonsils

557

(1)

The Central Nervous System

557

(1)

The Brain

557

(2)

The Spinal Cord

559

(1)

Cranial Venous Sinuses

559

(2)

The Ear

561

(1)

External Ear

561

(1)

External Auditory Meatus and Tympanic Cavity and Membrane

561

(1)

Otic Capsule

561

(1)

Postscript

562

(1)

Bibliography and Reading List

562

(1)

Glossary

563

(20)

Name Index

583

(4)

Subject Index

587

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Speech and Hearing Science Anatomy and Physiology

Summary

Table of Contents

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Speech and Hearing Science Anatomy and Physiology

Summary

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