Spontaneous Spoken Language Syntax and Discourse

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ISBN: 9780198236566 | 0198236565
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 5/28/1998

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The authors examine the types of clauses used by people when they are speaking off the cuff. They also analyze the devices speakers use when organizing larger chunks of language, such as conversations. Using data from English, German, and Russian, they develop a systematic analysis of spoken English and highlight cross-language properties. They argue that there are major and systematic differences between spoken and written language, and conclude by exploring the implications of their findings for typology, first-language acquisition, and education.

Abbreviations

xiii

1 Introduction

(27)

1.1 Introduction

(3)

1.2 Spoken and written language in linguistics

(2)

1.3 The data

(8)

1.3.1 Data from English, German, and Russian

(3)

1.3.2 Adequacy of the data

(4)

1.4 Genres: dimensions, individuals, and education

(8)

1.5 Spontaneous spoken language

(6)

2 Sentences and Clauses

(44)

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Sentences in spontaneous spoken language: an overview

(3)

2.3 Sentences in spoken texts

(2)

2.4 Text-sentences in spoken language

(12)

2.4.1 Intonational criteria

(1)

2.4.2 Intuitions about sentences in spoken language

(6)

2.4.3 The sentence: a changing concept

(5)

2.5 The sentence as a unit of analysis

(25)

2.5.1 Sentences and clauses in spontaneous dialogue

(3)

2.5.2 Sentences and syntactic analysis

(7)

2.5.3 Sentences, clauses, and distribution

(2)

2.5.4 Spoken language with fragmented syntax

(3)

2.5.5 Fragmented syntax in spoken Russian

(10)

2.6 Conclusion

(1)

3 Clauses: Type, Combination, and Integration

(61)

3.1 Introduction

(4)

3.2 Clauses

(3)

3.2.1 Definition of clause

(2)

3.2.2 Clauses and situations

(1)

3.3 Constraints on complexity in spontaneous spoken language

(1)

3.4 Main and subordinate clauses

(14)

3.4.1 Finite constructions missing from the corpus of spoken language

(4)

3.4.2 Non-finite constructions missing from the corpus of spoken language

(3)

3.4.3 Passives

(1)

3.4.4 Proportion of main and subordinate clauses

(5)

3.5 Form and function: when a subordinate clause is not a subordinate clause

(6)

3.5.1 English

(1)

3.5.2 Spoken Russian

(5)

3.6 Order of main clause and subordinate clause

100

(4)

3.7 WH constructions

104

(28)

3.7.1 Relative clauses

105

(15)

3.7.2 WH clefts

120

(10)

3.7.3 Headless relative clauses in Russian

130

(2)

3.8 Conclusion

132

(1)

4 Noun Phrases: Complexity and Configuration

133

(57)

4.1 Introduction

133

(2)

4.2 Complexity of noun phrases

135

(8)

4.2.1 Noun phrases in written English

135

(4)

4.2.2 Noun phrases in spontaneous speech

139

(4)

4.3 Spontaneous spoken English

143

(16)

4.3.1 The data and its coding

143

(2)

4.3.2 The spontaneous spoken narrative

145

(8)

4.3.3 Extract from spontaneous conversation

153

(1)

4.3.4 A newspaper text

153

(6)

4.4 Spoken and written Russian

159

(10)

4.4.1 Russian conversation and Russian newspaper text

160

(4)

4.4.2 Split noun phrases

164

(5)

4.5 Noun phrases in spoken German

169

(7)

4.6 Split NPs: a problem for constituent structure

176

(6)

4.6.1 `Split' NPs in Russian

177

(3)

4.6.2 `Split' NPs in Australian languages

180

(2)

4.7 Theoretical implications

182

(8)

4.7.1 Configurational languages and spoken language

182

(1)

4.7.2 Scrambling and `split' NPs

183

(3)

4.7.3 Functional constituents as heads

186

(4)

5 Focus Constructions

190

(73)

5.1 Introduction

190

(3)

5.2 Concepts for the analysis of discourse

193

(3)

5.2.1 Focus (1)

193

(1)

5.2.2 Deixis

194

(1)

5.2.3 Theme and thematization

195

(1)

5.2.4 Given and new information

195

(1)

5.3 Results

196

(2)

5.4 Focus (2)

198

(5)

5.4.1 Overview

198

(1)

5.4.2 Halliday

198

(2)

5.4.3 Chafe: components of contrastiveness

200

(1)

5.4.4 Dik: extended notion of focus

200

(2)

5.4.5 Vallduvi

202

(1)

5.4.6 Grosz and Sidner: focus space and transition

202

(1)

5.5 Macro- and micro-focus

203

(6)

5.5.1 A text schema

203

(2)

5.5.2 Transitions and contrasts

205

(1)

5.5.3 Macro- and micro-focus in a spoken Russian text

206

(3)

5.6 Given

209

(20)

5.6.1 Ellipsis

209

(3)

5.6.2 Ellipsis in Russian

212

(17)

5.7 Highlighting devices

229

(30)

5.7.1 Knowledge stores and focus spaces: highlighting entities

230

(1)

5.7.2 Existential and existential-possessive constructions

230

(1)

5.7.3 New entities in written texts

231

(1)

5.7.4 New entities in the Map Task dialogues

232

(1)

5.7.5 SEE and KNOW

233

(3)

5.7.6 Highlighting constructions in German

236

(1)

5.7.7 NP-Clause

237

(5)

5.7.8 Highlighting new propositions

242

(17)

5.8 Russian word order

259

(3)

5.9 Conclusion

262

(1)

6 Focus Constructions: Clefts and like

263

(72)

6.1 Introduction

263

(1)

6.2 An overview of the clefts

263

(43)

6.2.1 Cleft types

263

(1)

6.2.2 The main points in the analysis

264

(1)

6.2.3 Distribution of clefts in the data

265

(2)

6.2.4 Theoretical preliminaries

267

(7)

6.2.5 RWH clefts

274

(17)

6.2.6 WH clefts

291

(9)

6.2.7 IT clefts

300

(5)

6.2.8 Conclusions

305

(1)

6.3 LIKE

306

(29)

6.3.1 Previous accounts of LIKE

307

(5)

6.3.2 Why LIKE is not a pause filler

312

(3)

6.3.3 Non-contrastive focus

315

(2)

6.3.4 LIKE as a non-contrastive focuser

317

(11)

6.3.5 LIKE in the spontaneous conversations

328

(6)

6.3.6 Conclusion

334

(1)

7 Historical Linguistics and Typology

335

(38)

7.1 Introduction

335

(1)

7.2 Historical Linguistics

335

(3)

7.3 Typology

338

(34)

7.3.1 English conditional constructions

338

(2)

7.3.2 Participles and gerund

340

(1)

7.3.3 Negation

341

(1)

7.3.4 Relative clauses

342

(11)

7.3.5 Clause combining

353

(10)

7.3.6 Subject-prominent and topic-prominent languages

363

(3)

7.3.7 Noun phrases

366

(3)

7.3.8 Word order

369

(3)

7.4 Conclusion

372

(1)

8 Written Language, First Language Acquisition, and Education

373

(53)

8.1 Introduction

373

(1)

8.2 Chomsky's theory of language acquisition

373

(2)

8.3 A critique of Chomsky's theory

375

(44)

8.3.1 Introduction

375

(1)

8.3.2 Magnasyntax vs. the syntax of spontaneous spoken language

376

(2)

8.3.3 Magnasyntax and the goals of generative grammar

378

(3)

8.3.4 Misuse of magnasyntax in discussions of first language acquisition

381

(2)

8.3.5 The non-degenerate nature of written language

383

(1)

8.3.6 Computationally complex structure-dependent rules, formulas, and imitation

384

(1)

8.3.7 Creativity

394

(2)

8.3.8 How long do children take to acquire their native language?

396

(4)

8.3.9 Degrees of competence and literacy

400

(3)

8.3.10 Grammaticality judgements

403

(3)

8.3.11 Mechanisms of language acquisition

406

(13)

8.4 Language processing by humans and by computer

419

(2)

8.5 Literacy and education

421

(5)

Epilogue

426

(1)

References

427

(16)

Index

443

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Spontaneous Spoken Language Syntax and Discourse

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