Sports Law

, by Gardiner, Simon; James, Mark; O'Leary, John; Welch, Roger; Blackshaw, Ian; Boyes, Simon; Caiger, Andrew; Gardiner, Simon

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ISBN: 9781859416846 | 1859416845
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 10/1/2001

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"The third edition of this book provides a detailed examination of the legal issues surrounding and governing sport. Analysing sports law within a socio-economic and cultural context, the role that sport plays within society is foregrounded throughout. While the text focuses on sport in Britain, European and international material is included where appropriate to provide the student with a truly comparative analysis and a fuller picture of the law as it relates to sport." "Essential reading for students taking an option in sports law, this textbook will also prove useful to sports law practitioners, sports administrators and students on other sports studies-related courses."--BOOK JACKET.

Forward by Howard Stupp

Preface

vii

Introduction by John Barnes

Author Biographies

xix

Acknowledgments

xxi

Table of Cases

xliii

Table of Legislation

Table of Conventions and Treaties

lxi

Table of UK Secondary Legislation

lxiii

Table of EC Secondary Legislation

lxv

SECTION 1: SPORT, LAW AND SOCIETY

1 HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES ON SPORT REGULATION

(40)

THE CONTEMPORARY SIGNIFICANCE OF SPORT

(2)

SPORT AND POLITICS

(6)

SOCIOLOGY OF SPORT

(4)

Feminist Theories of Sport

(1)

Figurational Theory

(1)

WHAT IS A SPORT?

(5)

Social Definition

(4)

SPORT: A NEED FOR A LEGAL DEFINITION

(4)

Sports Violence

(2)

HISTORY OF SPORT

(4)

HISTORICAL PERSPECTNES ON SPORTS REGULATION

(7)

THE VICTORIAN AGE: ORIGINS OF MODERN SPORT

(2)

THE CONTEMPORARY REGULATION OF SPORT

(4)

KEY SOURCES

(2)

2 THEORETICAL MODELS OF THE REGULATION OF SPORT

(64)

INTRODUCTION

(3)

Regulatory Regimes

(1)

The Rules of Sport

(1)

Is There a Sports Law?

(1)

COMMERCIALISATION OF SPORT

(8)

The Business of Football

(6)

THE ECONOMICS OF SPORT

(1)

CHARACTERISTICS OF SPORT BUSINESS

(4)

COMMODIFICATION

(2)

MODELS OF REGULATION

(3)

Sports Violence - the Law Stops at the Touchline?

(3)

FOOTBALL TASK FORCE

(9)

THE NORMATIVE RULE STRUCTURE OF SPORT

(8)

History of Rules of Sport

(1)

Playing Culture

(2)

Supplementing the Rules - Codes of Ethics

(4)

The Increasing Conformity of Playing Rules

(1)

RULE CHANGES

(3)

CHALLENGING THE RULES: CHEATING AND SPORTSMANSHIP

(11)

It's Just Not Cricket

(2)

What is Cheating?

(2)

Bodylíne

(1)

Ball Tampering I: Dirt in the Pocket

(4)

Ball Tampering II: In the High Court

(1)

Evaluating Cheating

(1)

The Normative Rule Milieu

(1)

JURIFICATION OF SPORT: THE ROLE OF LAW

(4)

VIVA SPORTS LAW - SPORT AND THE LAW RIP

(4)

The Emergence of Legal Disciplines

100

(1)

CONCLUSION: THE EMERGENCE OF A LEX SPORTIVA

101

(2)

KEY SOURCES

103

(2)

3 SPORT AND THE ROLE OF THE STATE IN BRITAIN

105

(60)

INTRODUCTION

105

(1)

FRAMEWORK OF SPORT IN BRITAIN

106

(3)

The Central Council of Physical Recreation

106

(1)

The Sports Councils

107

(1)

UK Sports Council

107

(1)

English Sports Council

108

(1)

SPORT AND SOCIAL POLICY

109

(4)

Sport and Social Inclusion

109

(4)

SPORT AND PUBLIC POLICY

113

(1)

Contemporary State Regulation in Sport

113

(1)

BOXING: THE NOBLE ART?

114

(13)

Should Boxing be Banned?

115

(8)

Safety in Other Sports

123

(2)

Martial Arts v Boxing

125

(2)

SPORT AND ANIMALS

127

(11)

Sporting Synergy of Humans and Animals

127

(1)

The Prohibition of Fighting Animals

127

(2)

Legal Regulation of Blood Sports

129

(1)

Fox Hunting

130

(4)

Conclusion

134

(4)

RACISM IN SPORT

138

(17)

Racism in Football

140

(1)

L'Affaire Cantona

141

(1)

Individualising Racist Chanting

142

(3)

Non-legal Approaches to Regulating Sports-Related Racism

145

(1)

Rugby League

146

(4)

Cricket

150

(5)

CHILD PROTECTION: SPORTS COACHES AND CHILD ATHLETES

155

(9)

Defining Abuse

156

(2)

Development of an Effective Child Protection Policy

158

(4)

Conclusion

162

(2)

CONCLUSION

164

(1)

KEY SOURCES

164

(1)

SECTION 2: THE GOVERNANCE OF SPORT

4 GOVERNANCE OF SPORT: NATIONAL, EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES

165

(30)

INTRODUCTION

165

(1)

GOVERNANCE

165

(3)

Characteristics of Sports Governance

167

(1)

WHAT IS EFFECTIVE SPORTS GOVERNANCE?

168

(4)

Governance in Football

170

(2)

EUROPEAN SPORTS POLICY

172

(1)

EUROPEAN SPORTS POLICY

173

(4)

The Council of Europe

173

(1)

European Commission of the European Union

174

(1)

The Development of a European Sports Policy

175

(2)

THE EUROPEAN MODEL OF SPORT

177

(4)

Characteristics of European Sport

179

(1)

Is European Sport being 'Americanised'

180

(1)

THE ROAD TO NICE: EMERGENCE OF A DISTINCT EU SPORTS POLICY

181

(6)

GLOBALISATION OF SPORTS LAW

187

(6)

CONCLUSION

193

(1)

KEY SOURCES

194

(1)

5 THE LEGAL REGULATION OF SPORTS GOVERNING BODIES

195

(56)

INTRODUCTION

195

(1)

EVALUATING SELF-REGULATION

196

(2)

Expertise

196

(1)

Efficiency

197

(1)

Mandate

197

(1)

Accountability

198

(1)

Procedural Fairness

198

(1)

THE DOMESTIC POSITION: JUDICIAL REVIEW

198

(14)

Setting the Scene: Law v National Greyhound Racing Club

200

(1)

Developing the Law: Datafin

201

(1)

The Problem of Contract

202

(2)

Applying Datafin: More Problems

204

(3)

Developing the 'Governmentality' Test

207

(2)

The Court of Appeal Moves In: Aga Khan

209

(2)

Evaluating the Case Law

211

(1)

NATURAL JUSTICE

212

(9)

Natural Justice and Sporting Bodies

214

(1)

The Limits of Natural Justice

215

(2)

The Rule Against Bias

217

(2)

The Modern Law: Jones v WRFU

219

(1)

Evaluating the Case Law

220

(1)

THE CONTRACTUAL RELATIONSHIP

221

(6)

Extending Justiciability

223

(3)

Evaluating the Case Law

226

(1)

THE RESTRAINT OF TRADE DOCTRINE

227

(8)

Transfer Systems

228

(2)

Disciplinary Procedures

230

(3)

Participation in Competition

233

(2)

Evaluating the Case Law

235

(1)

THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1998

235

(7)

THE POSITION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

242

(5)

EVALUATION

247

(1)

The Domestic Position

247

(1)

The EU Position

248

(1)

KEY SOURCES

248

(3)

6 ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE MECHAMSMS IN SPORT

251

(46)

INTRODUCTION

251

(1)

The Courts and Sports Disputes

251

(1)

ADR ITS BACKGROUND AND ADVANTAGES

252

(3)

Forms of ADR

254

(1)

COURT OF ARBITRATION FOR SPORT

255

(8)

Sports Disputes and the International Sports Federations

255

(1)

What is the CAS?

255

(1)

How Does the CAS Function?

256

(1)

Ordinary Cases

257

(1)

Appeal Cases

258

(1)

General Procedure

258

(1)

Ad Hoc Division Cases

258

(2)

Legal Status of CAS Awards

260

(1)

Challenges to CAS Awards

261

(2)

THE UK SPORTS DISPUTE RESOLUTION PANEL

263

(1)

SDRP Arbitration

263

(7)

Advisory Opinions

269

(1)

MEDIATION AND SPORTS DISPUTES

270

(19)

Why Mediate?

270

(1)

The Idea of Mediation

270

(1)

The Mediation Process

271

(1)

Common Concerns about Mediation

271

(1)

Applying Mediation to Sports Disputes

272

(1)

The Woodhall/Warren Case

273

(1)

Other Sports Cases

274

(1)

Mediation Limitations

275

(1)

CAS Mediation Process

276

(5)

SDRP Mediation

281

(3)

The National Sports Dispute Centre

284

(4)

Conciliation by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)

288

(1)

EVALUATION OF SPORTS MEDIATION

289

(3)

Reasons for its Success

289

(1)

Mediation 'On Line'

290

(1)

Some International Experiences

290

(1)

Internet Disputes and Mediation

291

(1)

A SPORTS OMBUDSMAN?

292

(3)

CONCLUSIONS ON ADR IN SPORTS DISPUTES

295

(1)

KEY SOURCES

296

(1)

7 THE LEGAL REGULATION OF DOPING

297

(34)

INTRODUCTION

297

(2)

WHY BAN DOPING?

299

(6)

Drugs Can Damage Your Health

300

(3)

Taking Drugs is Cheating

303

(2)

DOPING CONTROL

305

(17)

The Governing Body

305

(3)

The Definition of Doping

308

(4)

Banned Substances and Methods

312

(2)

Testing

314

(3)

Disciplinary Procedures and Sanctions

317

(5)

THE ATHLETES' PERSPECTIVE

322

(2)

SOLUTIONS

324

(6)

Harmonisation

326

(2)

Criminalisation

328

(1)

Relaxation

329

(1)

KEY SOURCES

330

(1)

SECTION 3: THE COMMERCIAL REGULATION OF SPORT

8 SPORT AND MONEY: ACCOUNTABILITY AND REGULATION

331

(54)

INTRODUCTION

331

(1)

PROFESSIONALISATION AND THE END OF AMATEURISM

331

(3)

CRICKET WARS: THE PACKER LEGACY

334

(3)

RUGBY WARS

337

(9)

The Birth of 'Super League'

337

(5)

The Professionalisation of Rugby Union

342

(3)

The Impact of Television

345

(1)

SPORT BABYLON: FRAUD AND CORRUPTION

346

(8)

IOC and Ethics

346

(4)

Bungs and Brown Paper Bags

350

(3)

The 'Bungs' Inquiry

353

(1)

REGULATION OF SPORTS AGENTS

354

(4)

FIFA Regulations

355

(3)

MATCH FIXING: FOOTBALL STYLE

358

(4)

MATCH FIXING: IT'S JUST NOT CRICKET

362

(7)

The Story Unfolds

364

(1)

The Hansie Cronjé Affair

365

(2)

The King Commission

367

(1)

The Indian CBI Report

367

(2)

CRICKET MATCH FIXING: THE ANTI-CORRUPTION REPORT

369

(8)

What Are the Legal Implications?

375

(2)

GAMBLING AND SPORT

377

(6)

The Principles of Gambling Legislation in the UK

382

(1)

CONCLUSION

383

(1)

KEY SOURCES

384

(1)

9 SPORT AND COMPETITION POLICY

385

(54)

INTRODUCTION

385

(5)

EU Competition Commission's Policy to Sport

388

(2)

Scope of Involvement

390

(1)

THE EUROPEAN COMPETITION RULES

390

(9)

The Regulation of Cartels

391

(2)

Monopolies and Abuse of Dominance in the Market

393

(3)

Enforcement and Exemptions

396

(3)

APPLICATION OF THE COMPETITION RULES TO SPORT

399

(16)

The Approach to Exemptions

399

(2)

Exclusivity

401

(2)

Transfer Rules

403

(3)

The New Transfer Arrangements

406

(4)

The Status of the New Transfer Arrangements

410

(1)

The FIA Compromise

410

(5)

COMPETITION AND BROADCASTING

415

(9)

Application of Competition Rules to Sports Broadcasting

418

(6)

COLLECTIVE MARKETING/SELLING OF BROADCASTING RIGHTS

424

(12)

Australian Comparison

433

(1)

Recent Views on Collective Selling of Broadcasting Rights

434

(2)

CONCLUSION

436

(1)

KEY SOURCES

437

(2)

10 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND SPORT

439

(32)

INTRODUCTION

439

(3)

What is Intellectual Property?

439

(1)

IPRs and Sport

440

(2)

The Importance of Branding

442

(1)

TRADEMARKS

442

(7)

Registered and Unregistered Marks

443

(1)

Territoriality

444

(1)

International and Regional Marks

445

(1)

Sporting Trademarks

445

(1)

The Olympic Rings

446

(2)

Other Trademark Issues

448

(1)

449

(5)

Originality

449

(1)

Protected Works

450

(1)

Sound Recordings Films Broadcasts and Cable Programmes

451

(1)

Duration of Copyright

452

(1)

Defences

452

(1)

Assignments and Licenses

453

(1)

Other Copyright Issues

453

(1)

PATENTS

454

(2)

Registration

455

(1)

Patents and Sport

455

(1)

Remedies for Infringements

456

(1)

DESIGNS

456

(1)

CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION

457

(1)

SPORTS PERSONALITY RIGHTS

458

(2)

Protectability

458

(1)

Celebrity Endorsements and Advertising Codes

459

(1)

UNFAIR COMPETITION

460

(3)

'Passing Off'

460

(2)

Ambush Marketing

462

(1)

New Media and Sports Rights

463

(1)

INTERNET

463

(6)

Sports Web Site Issues

465

(3)

Sport and Other 'New Technologies'

468

(1)

CONCLUSION

469

(1)

KEY SOURCES

470

(1)

11 SPORTS MARKETING, SPONSORSHIP AND AMBUSH MARKETING

471

(56)

INTRODUCTION

471

(1)

ENDORSEMENT AGREEMENTS

471

(3)

CORPORATE HOSPITALITY AGREEMENTS

474

(1)

INTERNATIONAL SPORTS LOGO LICENSING AGREEMENTS

475

(6)

Sports Logos

476

(1)

Sports Logo Licence Agreements

477

(3)

Conclusions

480

(1)

MAXIMISING THE FINANCIAL RETURNS FROM INTERNATIONAL SPORTS LICENSING

481

(5)

Getting the Deal Right

481

(1)

Due Diligence

481

(1)

Timing

482

(1)

Tax Structuring

482

(1)

Getting the Agreement Right

482

(1)

Consideration and Payment

483

(1)

Accounting and Audits

483

(1)

Currency

484

(1)

Exchange Control

484

(1)

Force Majeure

484

(1)

Withholding Tax

484

(1)

Set-Off and Interest

485

(1)

Sporting Integrity

485

(1)

Conclusions

486

(1)

SPORTS SPONSORSHIP AGREEMENTS

486

(15)

Commercial Opportunities

486

(1)

Legal Issues

487

(3)

The EU Dimension

490

(1)

Tax Aspects

491

(10)

CORPORATE NAMING RIGHTS

501

(5)

Corporate Naming of Stadiums and Arenas

501

(1)

Contractual Legal Issues

502

(3)

The European Scene

505

(1)

Conclusions

506

(1)

SPORTS SPONSORSHIP AND AMBUSH MARKETING

506

(19)

What is Sports Sponsorship?

507

(1)

What is the Value of Sports Sponsorship?

508

(1)

Defining Ambush Marketing

508

(4)

Combating Ambush Marketing

512

(13)

FINAL REMARKS

525

(1)

KEY SOURCES

526

(1)

SECTION 4: REGULATION OF THE SPORTS WORKPLACE

12 SPORT AND CONTRACTS OF EMPLOYMENT

527

(46)

INTRODUCTION

527

(1)

WHO IS AN EMPLOYEE?

527

(3)

Agents and Managers

529

(1)

FORMATION AND TERMS OF A CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT

530

(4)

Trainees and Apprentices

530

(2)

Collective Bargaining

532

(2)

PERFORMANCE OF THE CONTRACT

534

(2)

Express Terms

534

(2)

JUDICIALLY IMPLIED TERMS

536

(4)

Judicially Implied Duties of the Employer

536

(2)

Judicially Implied Duties of the Employee

538

(2)

RESTRAINT OF TRADE

540

(6)

THE BOSMAN CASE

546

(26)

KEY SOURCES

572

(1)

13 TERMINATION OF CONTRACTS OF EMPLOYMENT IN SPORT

573

(36)

COMMON LAW

573

(4)

REMEDIES FOR WRONGFUL DISMISSAL

577

(3)

Injunctions

577

(3)

UNFAIR DISMISSAL

580

(12)

Continuity of Employment

581

(1)

Claiming Unfair Dismissal

582

(2)

The Meaning of Unfair Dismissal

584

(8)

PROCEDURAL FAIRNESS

592

(8)

THE LEGAL STATUS OF THE ACAS CODE

600

(7)

REMEDIES FOR UNFAIR DISMISSAL

607

(1)

Reinstatement and Re-engagement

607

(1)

Basic Award

607

(1)

Compensatory Award

608

(1)

KEY SOURCES

608

(1)

14 SPORTS PARTICIPANTS AND THE LAW OF DISCRIMINATION

609

(42)

INTRODUCTION

609

(3)

THE SEX AND RACE DISCRIMINATION ACTS

612

(8)

RACIAL AND SEXUAL HARASSMENT

620

(5)

SEXUALITY AND TRANSSEXUALS

625

(6)

DISCRIMINATION AND EU LAW

631

(11)

EQUAL PAY

642

(1)

ARTICLE 39 OF THE EC TREATY

643

(6)

KEY SOURCES

649

(2)

SECTION 5: SAFETY IN SPORT: LEGAL ISSUES

15 THE CRIMINAL LAW AND PARTICIPATOR VIOLENCE

651

(42)

INTRODUCTION

651

(1)

CONTROLLING PARTICIPATOR VIOLENCE BY THE CRIMINAL LAW

651

(7)

What is Participator Violence?

653

(1)

The Relevance of the Rules of the Game

654

(1)

Why Participator Violence Needs Controlling

655

(3)

THE CRIMINAL LAW

658

(6)

Breach of the Peace

658

(1)

Common Assault

659

(1)

Section 47 of the Offences Against the Person Act 1861

660

(1)

Section 20 of the Offences Against the Person Act 1861

661

(1)

Section 18 of the Offences Against the Person Act 1861

662

(1)

Homicide

663

(1)

DEFENCES

664

(16)

Consent

664

(3)

Playing Culture

667

(7)

Other Defences

674

(3)

Conclusions and Discussions

677

(3)

CRIMINAL LAW PUNISHMENTS

680

(5)

Sentences

680

(2)

Compensation for Criminal Injuries

682

(3)

COMBAT SPORTS

685

(7)

The Legal Status of Boxing

686

(3)

Other Fighting Sports

689

(3)

CONCLUSION

692

(1)

KEY SOURCES

692

(1)

16 TORT, COMPENSATION AND ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION FOR PARTICIPATOR VIOLENCE

693

(40)

INTRODUCTION

693

(1)

TORT

694

(14)

Trespass to the Person

694

(1)

Negligence

695

(11)

Defences

706

(2)

EXTENDING TORTIOUS LIABILITY

708

(8)

Vicarious Liability

708

(2)

Liability of Match Officials

710

(2)

Liability for Unsafe Playing Area

712

(1)

Liability of Governing Bodies

713

(1)

Unlawful Interference with Contract

714

(2)

COMPENSATION IN TORT

716

(5)

Compensatory Damages

716

(1)

Aggravated Damages

717

(1)

Exemplary Damages

717

(3)

Conclusions

720

(1)

ALTERNATIVE SYSTEMS OF CONTROL AND COMPENSATION

721

(10)

CAS/SDRP

724

(28)

Insurance

725

(3)

Future Developments

728

(3)

CONCLUSION

731

(1)

KEY SOURCES

732

(1)

17 SPECTATORS, PARTICIPANTS AND STADIUMS

733

(48)

INTRODUCTION

733

(1)

PARLIAMENT AND STADIUM SAFETY

734

(3)

STADIUMS AND NEIGHBOURS

737

(1)

THE ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE OF SPECTATORS

738

(2)

NEIGHBOURS AND SPORTING EVENTS

740

(12)

SPECTATOR SAFETY

752

(4)

Overspill from the Area of Play

752

(4)

STADIUM SAFETY

756

(4)

CROWD DISTURBANCE, MANAGEMENT AND SPECTATOR SAFETY

760

(6)

PARTICIPANT SAFETY

766

(3)

THE HILLSBOROUGH DISASTER

769

(4)

THE INQUIRY

773

(2)

The Stadium

773

(1)

Enforcing the Safety Provisions

774

(1)

Crowd Control and the Role of the Police

774

(1)

THE LEGAL IMPLICATIONS

775

(3)

Civil Actions

775

(3)

THE LEGISLATION

778

(1)

Stadium Safety

778

(1)

Crowd Disturbances

779

(1)

KEY SOURCES

779

(2)

Index

781

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Sports Law

Summary

Table of Contents

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