Static Analysis of Software The Abstract Interpretation

Jean-Louis Boulanger is currently an Independent Safety Assessor (ISA) in the railway domain focusing on software elements. He is a specialist in the software engineering domain (requirement engineering, semi-formal and formal method, proof and model-checking). He also works as an expert for the French notified body CERTIFER in the field of certification of safety critical railway applications based on software (ERTMS, SCADA, automatic subway, etc.). His research interests include requirements, software verification and validation, traceability and RAMS with a special focus on SAFETY.

Introduction xi
Jean-Louis Boulanger

Chapter 1. Formal Techniques for Verification and Validation 1
Jean-Louis BOULANGER

1.1. Introduction 1

1.2. Realization of a software application 1

1.3. Characteristics of a software application 3

1.4. Realization cycle 4

1.5. Techniques, methods and practices 13

1.6. New issues with verification and validation 39

1.7. Conclusion 41

1.8. Bibliography 42

Chapter 2. Airbus: Formal Verification in Avionics 45
Jean Souyris, David DELMAS and Stéphane DUPRAT

2.1. Industrial context 45

2.2. Two methods for formal verification 52

2.3. Four formal verification tools 66

2.4. Examples of industrial use 80

2.6. Bibliography 109

Chapter 3. Polyspace 113
Patrick MUNIER

3.1. Overview 113

3.2. Introduction to software quality and verification procedures 114

3.3. Static analysis 116

3.4. Dynamic tests 116

3.5. Abstract interpretation 117

3.6. Code verification 118

3.7. Robustness verification or contextual verification 121

3.8. Examples of Polyspace® results 123

3.9. Carrying out a code verification with Polyspace 128

3.10. Use of Polyspace® can improve the quality of embedded software 130

3.11. Carrying out certification with Polyspace® 135

3.12. The creation of critical onboard software 135

3.13. Concrete uses of Polyspace® 135

3.14. Conclusion 141

3.15. Bibliography 141

Chapter 4. Software Robustness with Regards to Dysfunctional Values from Static
Analysis 143
Christèle FAURE, Jean-Louis BOULANGER and Samy AÏT KACI

4.1. Introduction 143

4.2. Normative context 144

4.3. Elaboration of the proof of the robustness method 146

4.4. General description of the method 151

4.5. Computation of the control required 157

4.6. Verification of the effective control of an industrial application 161

4.7. Discussion and viewpoints 172

4.8. Conclusion 173

4.9. Bibliography 174

Chapter 5. CodePeer – Beyond Bug-finding with Static Analysis 177
Steve BAIRD, Arnaud CHARLET, Yannick MOY and Tucker TAFT

5.1. Positioning of CodePeer 177

5.2. A tour of CodePeer capabilities 182

5.3. CodePeer’s inner working 188

5.4. Conclusions 204

5.5. Bibiliography 205

Chapter 6. Formal Methods and Compliance to the DO-178C/ED-12C Standard in Aeronautics 207
Emmanuel LEDINOT and Dillon PARIENTE

6.1. Introduction 207

6.2. Principles of the DO-178/ED-12 standard 208

6.3. Verification process 212

6.4. The formal methods technical supplement 218

6.5. LLR verification by model-checking 229

6.6. Contribution to the verification of robustness properties with Frama-C 234

6.7. Static analysis and preservation of properties 252

6.8. Conclusion and perspectives 256

6.9. Appendices 258

6.10. Acknowledgements 268

6.11. Bibliography 269

Chapter 7. Efficient Method Developed by Thales for Safety Evaluation of Real-to-Integer Discretization and Overflows in SIL4 Software 273
Anthony BAÏOTTO, Fateh KAAKAÏ, Rafael MARCANO and Daniel DRAGO

7.1. Introduction 273

7.2. Discretization errors in the embedded code production chain 274

7.3. Modeling of the creation and propagation of uncertainties 280

7.4. Good practice of an analysis of real-to-integer discretization 294

7.5. Arithmetic overflow and division by zero 297

7.6. Application to a rail signalling example 299

7.7. Conclusion 307

7.8. Annexe: proof supplements 308

7.9. Bibliography 317

Conclusion and viewpoints 319
Jean-Louis BOULANGER

Glossary 323

List of Authors 327

Index 329

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