Statistical Applications for Health

Published in conjunction with the American Health Information Management Association® (AHIMA), this title covers the basic biostatistics, descriptive statistics, and inferential statistics that are unique to health information management (HIM). Computer applications used in the real world are emphasized throughout the book, with only a minimal focus on manual applications.

Commonly Used Frequency Measures in Health Care

1

(38)

Key Terms

1

(1)

Learning Objectives

1

(3)

Ratios, Proportions, and Rates

4

(2)

Population-Based Mortality Measures

6

(12)

Frequently Used Measures of Morbidity

18

(2)

Relative Measures of Disease Frequency

20

(6)

Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis

26

(3)

Conclusion

29

(10)

Appendix 1--A

31

(8)

Graphic Display of Data

39

(26)

Key Terms

39

(1)

Learning Objectives

39

(1)

Construction of Tables

40

(4)

Charts

44

(15)

Conclusion

59

(6)

Appendix 2--A

61

(4)

Introduction to Measurement

65

(20)

Key Terms

65

(1)

Learning Objectives

65

(1)

What Is Measurement?

66

(2)

Validity

68

(2)

Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive Value of Measure

70

(2)

Reliability

72

(3)

Timeliness

75

(1)

Scales of Measurement

75

(3)

Conclusion

78

(7)

Appendix 3--A

80

(5)

Measures of Central Tendency and Variability

85

(40)

Key Terms

85

(1)

Learning Objectives

85

(1)

Measures of Central Tendency

86

(9)

Measures of Variability

95

(4)

Calculating Measures of Central Tendency and Variability Using SPSS

99

(1)

Dichotomous Data

100

(1)

Grouped Frequency Distributions

100

(13)

Conclusion

113

(12)

Appendix 4--A

115

(10)

The Normal Distribution and Statistical Inference

125

(34)

Key Terms

125

(1)

Learning Objectives

125

(1)

Characteristics of the Normal Distribution

126

(2)

The Standard Normal Distribution (z Distribution)

128

(5)

Statistical Inference

133

(1)

Central Limit Theorem

134

(2)

Standard Error of the Mean

136

(2)

Confidence Intervals

138

(1)

Sampling Methods

139

(1)

Hypothesis Testing and Statistical Significance

140

(2)

Level of Significance

142

(1)

The p Value

143

(6)

Using Computer Software to Solve Problems

149

(1)

Conclusion

150

(9)

Appendix 5--A

152

(7)

Hypothesis Testing of the Difference Between Two Population Means

159

(28)

Key Terms

159

(1)

Learning Objectives

159

(1)

The Standard Normal Distribution and the z Test for Comparing Population Means

160

(4)

The z Test for Comparing Two Population Proportions

164

(2)

The t Test

166

(14)

Conclusion

180

(7)

Appendix 6--A

181

(6)

Analysis of Variance

187

(22)

Key Terms

187

(1)

Learning Objectives

187

(1)

Analysis of Variance

188

(6)

Anova in the Three-Sample Case

194

(6)

Statistical Power

200

(2)

Conclusion

202

(7)

Appendix 7--A

203

(6)

Correlation and Linear Regression

209

(42)

Key Terms

209

(1)

Learning Objectives

209

(1)

Characteristics of Pearson r

210

(3)

Calculation of the Pearson r

213

(5)

Introduction to Linear Regression

218

(8)

Interpretation of the Standard Error of the Estimate

226

(2)

Hypothesis Testing

228

(1)

Coefficient of Determination

229

(1)

F Test

229

(2)

Regression Model for Length of Stay and Total Charges

231

(14)

Conclusion

245

(6)

Appendix 8--A

246

(5)

Chi-Square

251

(24)

Key Terms

251

(1)

Learning Objectives

251

(2)

Chi-Square (X2) Tests

253

(1)

The X2 Test of Independence

254

(4)

Examination of Residuals

258

(1)

Yates Correction for Continuity

258

(1)

Phi Coefficient

258

(2)

Contingency Coefficient

260

(1)

Cramer's V

260

(1)

Fisher's Exact Test

261

(3)

X2 Goodness of Fit

264

(2)

X2 Test for Paired Data---McNemar Test

266

(2)

Conclusion

268

(7)

Appendix 9--A

270

(5)

Nonparametric Methods

275

(26)

Key Terms

275

(1)

Learning Objectives

275

(1)

The Spearman RHO Rank Order Correlation Coefficient

275

(4)

Location Tests for Single and Paired Samples

279

(8)

Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon Test

287

(4)

Kruskal-Wallis Test

291

(4)

Conclusion

295

(6)

Appendix 10--A

296

(5)

Appendix A: Glossary

301

(12)

Appendix B: Statistical Tables

313

(14)

Appendix C: Frequency Distribution of Discharges by DRG, Critical Care Hospital, 2004: An Index to the Number of Cases by DRG

327

(4)

Appendix D: Answers and Solutions

331

(52)

Index

383

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Statistical Applications for Health Information Management

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Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials