Statistical Bases of Reference Values in Laboratory Medicine

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ISBN: 9780824793395 | 0824793390
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/7/1995

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University of Virginia, Charlottesville. Research on theoretical and empirical issues in the description, collection, application, strengths, and limitations of reference standards in clinical laboratory analyses.

Preface

iii

Some History of Reference Values

(22)

Introduction

(4)

Reference Ranges from Hospital Patients?

(5)

Heterogeneity Among Reference Subjects

(3)

Purposes of Reference Ranges for the Healthy

(1)

Official Guidelines on Selection and Treatment of Reference Subjects

(1)

Criticisms of the Normal Range

(3)

Decision Levels and Patient Monitoring

(3)

Calculating Reference Limits

(40)

Introduction

(2)

Nonparametric Estimation

(5)

Efficiency of the Quantile Estimator

(3)

More Precise Nonparametric Estimates

(4)

Parametric Estimation: Transformations to Normal Form

(24)

BASIC Program for mle of Box-Cox Power Parameter λ

(2)

BASIC Program for mle of C in Transform log(x + C)

(2)

Data Sets: Alanine Amino-transferase and Serum Haptoglobin

(3)

Sample Sizes and Subgroups

(38)

How Many Subjects?

(9)

Individualizing the Reference Range

(3)

How Many Subgroups?

(14)

Outliers

(4)

Transference of Reference Ranges

(6)

BASIC Program for Sample Sizes Under Power Transform

(1)

Sample Sizes for log-Normal Distributions

(3)

Multivariate Reference Regions and Indices

101

(48)

Introduction

103

(3)

The Bivariate Normal Distribution

106

(6)

Multivariate Regions and Indices

112

(6)

Transformation of Variables

118

(1)

Multivariate Outliers

119

(2)

Examples

121

(28)

Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, and Principal Components

134

(2)

Data on Liver Enzymes: Alanine Transaminase and Aspartate Transaminase (ALT, AST) and Renal Variables: Urea Nitrogen, Serum Creatinine, Uric Acid (BUN, SCr, UA)

136

(13)

Time-Dependent Reference Values

149

(38)

Introduction

151

(2)

Nonparametric Methods

153

(9)

Parametric Methods

162

(11)

Longitudinal Data; Conditional Changes

173

(14)

Age and PSA Measurements from a Study of 371 Men at the University of Virginia (One Outlier, One Confirmed Cancer, and Data from Six Men over 80 Years Old Deleted)

178

(9)

Comparison of Within-Subject and Among-Subjects Variances

187

(34)

Introduction

189

(6)

Homogeneity of Within-Subject Variances

195

(2)

The Ratio of Average Within-Subject to Among-Subjects Variation

197

(9)

Example

206

(15)

Estimating Variance of True Within-Subject Variances

214

(1)

Data Set: Serial Measurements of Immunoglobulin G (lgG)

215

(6)

Predictive Values for Monitoring Healthy Subjects and Patients

221

(38)

Introduction

223

(1)

Comparison of Two Serial Results

224

(14)

Subject-Specific Predictive Values

238

(21)

BASIC Program for Reference Change Limits

256

(3)

Analytical Goals for Reference Values

259

(38)

Introduction

261

(5)

Analytical Goals for Group-Based Reference Ranges

266

(10)

Analytical Goals in Detecting Patient Changes

276

(9)

Analytical Goals Around Cutpoints of Risk

285

(7)

Example

292

(4)

Remarks

296

(1)

Analytical Goals in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

297

(12)

Introduction

299

(2)

Models for Analytical Goals in TDM

301

(8)

Reference Values in the Future

309

(16)

Introduction

311

(1)

Electronic Medical Record

311

(6)

Increasing Use of Automation

317

(5)

Advances in Molecular Genetics

322

(1)

Final Remarks

323

(2)

References

325

(28)

Index

353

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Statistical Bases of Reference Values in Laboratory Medicine

Summary

Table of Contents

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