Statistical Methods in Medical Research

The explanation and implementation of statistical methods for the medical researcher or statistician remains an integral part of modern medical research. This book explains the use of experimental and analytical biostatistics systems. Its accessible style allows it to be used by the non-mathematician as a fundamental component of successful research.Since the third edition, there have been many developments in statistical techniques. The fourth edition provides the medical statistician with an accessible guide to these techniques and to reflect the extent of their usage in medical research.The new edition takes a much more comprehensive approach to its subject. There has been a radical reorganization of the text to improve the continuity and cohesion of the presentation and to extend the scope by covering many new ideas now being introduced into the analysis of medical research data. The authors have tried to maintain the modest level of mathematical exposition that characterized the earlier editions, essentially confining the mathematics to the statement of algebraic formulae rather than pursuing mathematical proofs.Received the Highly Commended Certificate in the Public Health Category of the 2002 BMA Books Competition.

Peter Armitage has a Cambridge M.A. in mathematics and a London Ph.D, in Statistics. He was a Statistician for the Medical Research Council from 1947-61, and Professor of Medical Statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine from 1961-76. He then moved to Oxford, first as Professor of Biomathematics, later as Professor of Applied Statistics and head of the new Department of Statistics, retiring in 1990. His research has centred around the development of methods for medical statistics, especially clinical trials. He is a Past President of the International Biometric Society, International Society for Clinical Biostatistics, and Royal Statistical Society, and edited Biometrics 1980-84. He was appointed C.B.E. in 1984.

Geoffrey Berry is an Emeritus Professor of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at the School of Public Health, University of Sydney School of Medicine.

Preface to the fourth edition

ix

The scope of statistics

1

(7)

Describing data

8

(39)

Diagrams

8

(3)

Tabulation and data processing

11

(8)

Summarizing numerical data

19

(12)

Means and other measures of location

31

(2)

Taking logs

33

(3)

Measures of variation

36

(8)

Outlaying observations

44

(3)

Probability

47

(36)

The meaning of probability

47

(3)

Probability calculations

50

(4)

Bayes' theorem

54

(5)

Probability distributions

59

(4)

Expectation

63

(2)

The binomial distribution

65

(6)

The Poisson distribution

71

(5)

The normal (or Gaussian) distribution

76

(7)

Analysing means and proportions

83

(64)

Statistical inference: tests and estimation

83

(9)

Inferences from means

92

(10)

Comparison of two means

102

(10)

Inferences from proportions

112

(8)

Comparison of two proportions

120

(17)

Sample-size determination

137

(10)

Analysing variances, counts and other measures

147

(18)

Inferences from variances

147

(6)

Inferences from counts

153

(5)

Ratios and other functions

158

(4)

Maximum likelihood estimation

162

(3)

Bayesian methods

165

(22)

Subjective and objective probability

165

(3)

Bayesian inference for a mean

168

(7)

Bayesian inference for proportions and counts

175

(4)

Further comments on Bayesian methods

179

(4)

Empirical Bayesian methods

183

(4)

Regression and correlation

187

(21)

Association

187

(2)

Linear regression

189

(6)

Correlation

195

(3)

Sampling errors in regression and correlation

198

(6)

Regression to the mean

204

(4)

Comparison of several groups

208

(28)

One-way analysis of variance

208

(7)

The method of weighting

215

(3)

Components of variance

218

(5)

Multiple comparisons

223

(4)

Comparison of several proportions: the 2 x k contingency table

227

(4)

General contingency tables

231

(2)

Comparison of several variances

233

(1)

Comparison of several counts: the Poisson heterogeneity test

234

(2)

Experimental design

236

(36)

General remarks

236

(2)

Two-way analysis of variance: randomized blocks

238

(8)

Factorial designs

246

(11)

Latin squares

257

(4)

Other incomplete designs

261

Split-unit designs

256

(16)

Analysing non-normal data

272

(40)

Distribution-free methods

272

(1)

One-sample tests for location

273

(4)

Comparison of two independent groups

277

(8)

Comparison of several groups

285

(4)

Rank correlation

289

(3)

Permutation and Monte Carlo tests

292

(6)

The bootstrap and the jack knife

298

(8)

Transformations

306

(6)

Modelling continuous data

312

(66)

Analysis of variance applied to regression

312

(5)

Errors in both variables

317

(3)

Straight lines through the origin

320

(2)

Regression in groups

322

(9)

Analysis of covariance

331

(6)

Multiple regression

337

(10)

Multiple regression in groups

347

(7)

Multiple regression in the analysis of non-orthogonal data

354

(2)

Checking the model

356

(19)

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Statistical Methods in Medical Research

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

FREE SHIPPING

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Statistical Methods in Medical Research

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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