Statistics for the Utterly Confused, 2nd

Statistics for the Utterly Confused, Second Edition When it comes to understanding statistics, even good students can be confused. Perfect for students in any introductory non-calculus-based statistics course, and equally useful to professionals working in the world,Statistics for the Utterly Confusedis your ticket to success. Statistical concepts are explained step-by-step and applied to such diverse fields as business, economics, finance, and more. The message ofStatistics for the Utterly Confusedis simple: you don't have to be confused anymore. Updated and expanded to give you the latest changes in the field, this up-to-the-minute edition includes many new examples of Excel output, the most widely used of all statistics programs; a new chapter on Analysis of Variance (ANOVA); and 200 additions to the 700 self-testing questions and answers. The expert author's Web site also gives you tons of fresh examples, practice problems, and strategies--so you can go from utterly confused to totally prepared in no time! Inside, you'll discover how to: Grasp the meaning of everyday statistical concepts Find out what's probable and what isn't Read, understand, and solve statistics problems Improve your scores on exams Use your skills in any field

Lloyd R. Jaisingh, PhD, is Professor of Mathematics at Morehead State University, Morehead, Kentucky. He has published numerous books and articles on elementary statistics and technology in the classroom.

Acknowledgments

vi

Preface

xiii

Technology Integration

xiv

Organization of the Text

xv

Part I DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

1

(146)

Graphical Displays

3

(28)

Do I Need to Read This Chapter?

3

(1)

Introduction

4

(2)

Frequency Distributions

6

(5)

Dot Plots

11

(1)

Bar Charts or Bar Graphs

12

(1)

Histograms

13

(2)

Frequency Polygons

15

(1)

Stem-and-Leaf Displays or Plots

15

(2)

Time-Series Graphs

17

(1)

Pie Graphs or Pie Charts

17

(1)

Pareto Charts

18

(13)

Technology Corner

19

(1)

It's a Wrap

19

(1)

Test Yourself

19

(12)

Numerical Measures of Central Tendency

31

(20)

Do I Need to Read This Chapter?

31

(1)

The Mean

32

(2)

The Median

34

(2)

The Mode

36

(1)

Shapes (Skewness)

37

(14)

Technology Corner

39

(1)

It's a Wrap

40

(1)

Test Yourself

40

(11)

Numerical Measures of Variability

51

(24)

Do I Need to Read This Chapter?

51

(1)

The Range

52

(1)

The Interquartile Range

53

(1)

The Mean Absolute Deviation

54

(2)

The Variance and Standard Deviation

56

(3)

The Coefficient of Variation

59

(1)

The Empirical Rule

60

(2)

Skewness

62

(13)

Technology Corner

63

(1)

It's a Wrap

64

(1)

Test Yourself

64

(11)

Numerical Measures of Position

75

(25)

Do I Need to Read This Chapter?

75

(1)

The z Score or Standard Score

76

(2)

Percentiles

78

(4)

Box Plots

82

(18)

Technology Corner

85

(1)

It's a Wrap

86

(1)

Test Yourself

86

(14)

Exploring Bivariate Data

100

(28)

Do I Need to Read This Chapter?

100

(1)

Scatter Plots

101

(1)

Looking for Patterns in the Data

102

(2)

Correlation

104

(3)

Correlation and Causation

107

(1)

Least-Squares Regression Line

108

(2)

The Coefficient of Determination

110

(1)

Residual Plots

111

(1)

Outliers and Influential Points

112

(16)

Technology Corner

113

(1)

It's a Wrap

114

(1)

Test Yourself

114

(14)

Exploring Categorical Data

128

(19)

Do I Need to Read This Chapter?

128

(1)

Marginal Distributions

129

(1)

Conditional Distributions

130

(2)

Using Bar Charts to Display Contingency Tables

132

(2)

Independence in Categorical Variables

134

(1)

Simpson's Paradox

135

(12)

Technology Corner

138

(1)

It's a Wrap

138

(1)

Test Yourself

138

(9)

Part II PROBABILITY

147

(112)

Randomness, Uncertainty, and Probability

149

(26)

Do I Need to Read This Chapter?

149

(1)

Randomness and Uncertainty

150

(1)

Random Experiments, Sample Space, and Events

150

(1)

Classical Probability

151

(2)

Relative Frequency or Empirical Probability

153

(1)

The Law of Large Numbers

153

(2)

Subjective Probability

155

(1)

Some Basic Laws of Probability

155

(1)

Other Probability Rules

156

(5)

Conditional Probability

161

(1)

Independence

162

(13)

Technology Corner

163

(1)

It's a Wrap

163

(1)

Test Yourself

164

(11)

Discrete Probability Distributions

175

(28)

Do I Need to Read This Chapter?

175

(1)

Random Variables

176

(1)

Probability Distributions for Discrete Random Variables

177

(2)

Expected Value for a Discrete Random Variable

179

(3)

Variance and Standard Deviation of a Discrete Random Variable

182

(3)

Bernoulli Trials and the Binomial Probability Distribution

185

(18)

Technology Corner

189

(1)

It's a Wrap

189

(1)

Test Yourself

190

(13)

The Normal Probability Distribution

203

(26)

Do I Need to Read This Chapter?

203

(1)

The Normal Probability Distribution

204

(2)

Properties of the Normal Distribution

206

(3)

The Standard Normal Distribution

209

(5)

Applications of the Normal Distribution

214

(15)

Technology Corner

216

(1)

It's a Wrap

217

(1)

Test Yourself

217

(12)

Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem

229

(30)

Do I Need to Read This Chapter?

229

(1)

Sampling Distribution of a Sample Proportion

230

(4)

Sampling Distribution of a Sample Mean

234

(4)

Sampling Distribution of a Difference between Two Independent Sample Proportions

238

(4)

Sampling Distribution of a Difference between Two Independent Sample Means

242

(17)

Technology Corner

246

(1)

It's a Wrap

246

(1)

Test Yourself

246

(13)

Part III STATISTICAL INFERENCE

259

(140)

Confidence Intervals: Large Samples

261

(26)

Do I Need to Read This Chapter?

261

(1)

Large-Sample Confidence Interval for a Single Population Proportion

262

(3)

Large-Sample Confidence Interval for a Single Population Mean

265

(2)

Large-Sample Confidence Interval for the Difference between Two Population Proportions

267

(1)

Large-Sample Confidence Interval for the Difference between Two Population Means

268

(19)

Technology Corner

270

(2)

It's a Wrap

272

(1)

Test Yourself

272

(15)

Hypothesis Tests: Large Samples

287

(34)

Do I Need to Read This Chapter?

287

(1)

Some Terms Associated with Hypothesis Testing

288

(2)

Five-Step Process of Hypothesis Testing

290

(1)

Large-Sample Test for a Population Proportion

290

(5)

Large-Sample Test for a Population Mean

295

(2)

Large-Sample Test for the Difference between Two Population Proportions

297

(4)

Large-Sample Test for the Difference between Two Population Means

301

(2)

P-Value Approach to Hypothesis Testing

303

(18)

Technology Corner

306

(2)

It's a Wrap

308

(1)

Test Yourself

308

(13)

Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Tests: Small Samples

321

(27)

Do I Need to Read This Chapter?

321

(1)

The t Distribution

322

(1)

Small-Sample Confidence Interval for a Population Mean

323

(1)

Small-Sample Test for a Population Mean

324

(3)

Independent Small-Sample Confidence Interval for the Difference between Two Population Means

327

(2)

Independent Small-Sample Tests for the Difference between Two Population Means

329

(2)

Dependent Small-Sample Confidence Interval for the Difference between Two Population Means

331

(2)

Dependent Small-Sample Tests for the Difference between Two Population Means

333

(15)

Technology Corner

335

(1)

It's a Wrap

335

(1)

Test Yourself

336

(12)

Chi-Square Procedures

348

(21)

Do I Need to Read This Chapter?

348

(1)

The Chi-Square Distribution

348

(2)

The Chi-Square Test for Goodness-of-Fit

350

(5)

The Chi-Square Test for Independence

355

(2)

Benford's Law

357

(12)

Technology Corner

359

(2)

It's a Wrap

361

(1)

Test Yourself

361

(8)

One-Way Analysis of Variance

369

(30)

Do I Need to Read This Chapter?

369

(1)

Comparing Population Means Graphically

370

(3)

Some Terminology Associated with Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

373

(1)

The Hypothesis Test of One-Way Analysis of Variance

374

(4)

The Test Statistic and the F Distribution

378

(3)

One-Way or Single-Factor ANOVA Tests

381

(18)

Technology Corner

384

(2)

It's a Wrap

386

(1)

Test Yourself

386

(13)

Appendix

399

(18)

Index

417

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Statistics for the Utterly Confused, 2nd edition

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials