Structural Equation Modeling : Concepts, Issues, and Applications

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ISBN: 9780803953185 | 0803953186
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 2/28/1995

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This largely nontechnical volume reviews some of the major issues facing researchers who wish to use structural equation modeling. Individual chapters present recent developments on specification, estimation and testing, statistical power, software comparisons and analyzing multitrait/multimethod data. Numerous examples of applications are given and attention is paid to the underlying philosophy of structural equation modeling and to writing up results from structural equation modeling analyses.

Foreword

xvii

Kenneth A. Bollen

Preface

Rick H. Hoyle

The Structural Equation Modeling Approach: Basic Concepts and Fundamental Issues

(15)

Rick H. Hoyle

Model Specification

(3)

Estimation

(1)

Evaluation of Fit

(2)

Model Modification

(1)

Interpretation

(2)

Communication

(2)

Summary and Recommendations

(3)

Model Specification: Procedures, Strategies, and Related Issues

(21)

Robert C. MacCallum

Model Specification Procedures

(7)

Path Diagrams

(1)

Illustration

(2)

Identification

(2)

Strategies and Related Issues in Model Specification

(6)

Disconfirmability

(1)

Equivalent Models

(1)

Strategies

(4)

Conclusion

(2)

Estimates and Tests in Structural Equation Modeling

(19)

Chih-Ping Chou

Peter M. Bentler

Basic Concepts in Estimation

(3)

Identification

(2)

Testing

(1)

Practical Problems

(1)

Statistical Theory

(4)

Models

(1)

Fitting Functions

(1)

Goodness-of-Fit Test

(1)

Standard Errors

(1)

A New Study

(8)

Results

(5)

Summary and Recommendations

(2)

Structural Equation Models With Nonnormal Variables: Problems and Remedies

(20)

Stephen G. West

John F. Finch

Patrick J. Curran

Overview of Normal Theory Estimation

(2)

Effects and Detection of Nonnormality

(5)

Theoretical Basis for the Problem

(1)

Continuous, Nonnormal Variables

(1)

Coarsely Categorized Variables

(1)

Detecting Departures From Normality

(1)

Skewness and Kurtosis, Univariate and Multivariate

(1)

Outliers

(1)

Results of Empirical Studies of Nonnormality

(1)

Continuous, Nonnormal Variables

(1)

Coarsely Categorized Variables

(1)

Remedies for Multivariate Nonnormality

(9)

Alternative Estimation Techniques

(1)

The Asymptotically Distribution Free Estimator

(1)

SCALED χ2 Statistic and Robust Standard Errors

(1)

Bootstrapping

(1)

Empirical Studies of Alternative Estimation Procedures

(1)

Coarsely Categorized Variables

(2)

Reexpression of Variables

(1)

Item Parcels

(1)

Transformation of Nonnormal Variables

(2)

Conclusion and Recommendations

(3)

Evaluating Model Fit

(24)

Li-tze Hu

Peter M. Bentler

The χ2 Test

(4)

Reformance of χ2 Tests as Tests of Model Fit

(2)

Noncentral χ2 Distribution

(1)

Fit Indexes

(8)

Types of Fit Indexes

(1)

Incremental Fit Indexes

(1)

Incremental Fit Indexes

(1)

Incremental Fit Indexes

(1)

Absolute Fit Indexes

(2)

Issues in Assessing Fit by Fit Indexes and Selection Criteria

(1)

Small Sample Bias

(1)

Estimation Method Effects

(1)

Effects of Violation of Normality and Independence

(1)

Reevaluation of Fit Indexes as Alternative Measures of Model Fit

(6)

Incremental Fit Indexes

(1)

Bentler and Bonett's Normed Fit Index (NFI)

(1)

Bollen's Fit Index (BL86)

(1)

Incremental Fit Indexes

(1)

Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI, Also NNFI)

(1)

Bollen's Fit Index (BL89)

(1)

Incremental Fit Indexes

(1)

Bentler's Fit Index and McDonald and Marsh's Relative Noncentrality Index

(1)

Absolute Fit Indexes

(1)

Goodness-of-Fit (GFI) and Adjusted Goodness-of-Fit Index (AGFI)

(1)

Information Criterion Indexes

(1)

McDonald's Centrality Index

(1)

Hoelter's Critical N (CN)

(1)

Overall Summary and Recommendations

(1)

Factors That May Affect the Magnitude of χ2 Statistics and Fit Indexes

(2)

The Effect of Sample Size and Latent Variate Dependence

(1)

The Effect of Estimation Methods

(1)

Conclusions

(3)

Penalty of Model Complexity

(1)

Evaluation of Residuals

(1)

Disclaimer on Model Modification

(1)

Statistical Power in Structural Equation Modeling

100

(18)

David Kaplan

Calculation of Power

102

(2)

Simultaneous Power Analysis

104

(1)

Power and Expected Parameter Change

105

(2)

Power-Based Model Evaluation

107

(2)

Studies of the Power Characteristics of Structural Equation Models

109

(2)

Studies of Power in Multisample Structural Equation Models

111

(3)

Conclusion

114

(4)

Objectivity and Reasoning in Science and Structural Equation Modeling

118

(20)

Stanley A. Mulaik

Lawrence R. James

Preliminary Considerations From Contemporary Philosophy of Science

119

(9)

The Legacy of Logical Positivism

119

(1)

The Fall of Logical Positivism

120

(1)

Meaning as Use

120

(1)

Popper's Argument Against the Verifiability of Theories

120

(1)

The Falsifiability Criterion

121

(1)

Defeasible Reasoning

122

(1)

The Theory-Laden Nature of Observation

123

(1)

The Empirical Underdetermination of Theories

124

(1)

The Normative and Social Basis for Knowledge

124

(2)

Dialogue and Dialectic

126

(1)

No Private Rules

127

(1)

Objectivity Based on the Metaphor of Consciousness

127

(1)

Relevance to Structural Equation Modeling

128

(9)

A Faceted Definition of the Causal Relation

130

(1)

Background Conditions

131

(1)

A Formal Statement of the Structural Equation Model as a Model of Objective States of Affairs

131

(1)

Disconfirmability of the Model

131

(1)

Relevant Objects

132

(1)

Coupling or Mediating Mechanisms

132

(1)

Closure and Self-Containment

132

(1)

Causal Direction

133

(1)

Stability

133

(1)

Probabilistic Conditions

133

(1)

Linearity

134

(1)

Defeasible Reasoning About Assumptions

134

(1)

Evaluating Structural Equation Models With Nested Sequences of Models

135

(2)

Conclusion

137

(1)

One Application of Structural Equation Modeling From Two Perspectives: Exploring the EQS and LISREL Strategies

138

(20)

Barbara M. Byrne

The Data

139

(1)

The Hypothesized Model

140

(1)

Assessment of Model Fit

141

(4)

EQS Analyses

141

(3)

LISREL Analyses

144

(1)

Preliminary Analyses

145

(3)

Examination of Sample Statistics

145

(1)

EQS Analyses

145

(1)

LISREL Analyses

146

(1)

Treatment of Nonnormality

147

(1)

Testing the Hypothesized Model of BDI Structure

148

(4)

Feasibility of Parameter Estimates

150

(1)

Statistical Significance of Parameter Estimates

150

(2)

Post-Hoc Model-Fitting to Establish Baseline Models

152

(2)

EQS Analyses

152

(1)

LISREL Analyses

153

(1)

Testing for Invariance Across Gender

154

(2)

EQS Analyses

154

(1)

LISREL Analyses

155

(1)

Summary

156

(2)

Writing About Structural Equation Models

158

(19)

Rick H. Hoyle

Abigail T. Panter

Describing the Conceptual and Statistical Models

158

(3)

The Conceptual Model

159

(1)

The Statistical Model

160

(1)

Details About the Data

161

(2)

Matrix to Be Analyzed

161

(1)

Distributions

162

(1)

Describing the Results

163

(11)

Estimation and Fit Criteria

163

(1)

Method of Estimation

163

(1)

Fit Criteria

164

(1)

Indicators of Overall Fit

165

(4)

Parameter Estimates

169

(2)

Alternative Models

171

(1)

A Priori

171

(1)

Post-Hoc Modifications

172

(1)

Equivalent Models

173

(1)

Additional Information About Model Fit

173

(1)

Statistical Power

173

(1)

Cross-Validation

174

(1)

Interpretation

174

(1)

Conclusions

175

(2)

Latent Variable Models of Multitrait-Multimethod Data

177

(22)

Herbert W. Marsh

David Grayson

The Campbell and Fiske (1959) Approach

178

(2)

The Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) Approach

180

(7)

Direct Product Models

187

(3)

Application of the CFA and CDP Approaches

190

(6)

Proper Solutions

191

(1)

Goodness of Fit

192

(2)

Interpretation of Parameter Estimates

194

(1)

Standardized CFA Parameter Estimates

194

(1)

CDP Parameter Estimates

194

(2)

Summary and Implications

196

(3)

Sex-Race Differences in Social Support and Depression in Older Low-Income Adults

199

(18)

Jane A. Scott-Lennox

Richard D. Lennox

Universal Versus Group-Specific Models of Support and Depression

201

(4)

Testing the Empirical Model

203

(2)

Method

205

(3)

Sample

205

(1)

Demographics

205

(1)

Health Status

206

(1)

Procedure

206

(1)

Measures

206

(1)

Depressive Symptoms

206

(1)

Perceived Adequacy of Social Support (PASS)

207

(1)

Measures of Social Support Networks

207

(1)

Statistical Analyses

208

(1)

Mean Comparisons

208

(1)

Multigroup Structural Equation Models

208

(1)

Results

208

(6)

Sex-Race Differences in Access to Support

208

(1)

Depressive Symptoms (CESD16)

208

(1)

Satisfaction With Support (PASS)

209

(1)

Structure of Support Networks

210

(1)

The Universal MSEM Model

210

(1)

Derivations of Degrees of Freedom

210

(1)

The Group-Sensitive Model

211

(2)

Relationships Among Network Characteristics

213

(1)

Network Characteristics as Predictors of Satisfaction With Support

213

(1)

Satisfaction With Support and Depressive Symptom Severity

214

(1)

Direct Effects of Networks on Depressive Symptoms

214

(1)

Discussion

214

(3)

Modeling the Relation of Personality Variables to Symptom Complaints: The Unique Role of Negative Affectivity

217

(19)

Jay G. Hull

Judith C. Tedlie

Daniel A. Lehn

General Personality Factors and Their Relation to Health

218

(1)

General Factors or Unique Traits?

218

(4)

Testing for the Presence of a General Factor

219

(1)

Testing for the Effects of General Factors and Unique Traits

220

(2)

Studies 1-3

222

(1)

Method

223

(2)

Subjects

223

(1)

Instruments

224

(1)

Study 1

224

(1)

Study 2

224

(1)

Study 3

224

(1)

Results

225

(4)

Personality Factor Models

225

(1)

One-Factor Model

225

(1)

Second-Order Factor Model

226

(1)

Group Factor Model

226

(1)

Model Comparison

226

(1)

Predicting Symptom Complaints

227

(2)

Discussion

229

(5)

The Unique Qualities of Negative Affectivity

231

(1)

Method and Knowledge: The Utility of Structural Equation Modeling

232

(1)

General and Specific Effects

232

(1)

Modeling Strategy

233

(1)

Limitations of the Present Research

233

(1)

Neuroticism Indicators

233

(1)

Interpreting the Results of Structural Equation Modeling

234

(1)

Measures of Health and Health Behaviors

234

(1)

Conclusion

234

(2)

Predictors of Change in Antisocial Behavior During Elementary School for Boys

236

(18)

Mike Stoolmiller

Terry E. Duncan

Gerald R. Patterson

Method

239

(4)

Sample

239

(1)

Instrument Description

239

(1)

Child Constructs

240

(1)

Parent Constructs

241

(1)

Modeling Description

242

(1)

Results

243

(6)

Discussion

249

(3)

Coercion Theory and Change in Antisocial Behavior

250

(1)

Analyzing Incomplete Longitudinal Data

251

(1)

Summary and Conclusions

252

(2)

References

254

(18)

Author Index

272

(6)

Subject Index

278

(5)

About the Contributors

283

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Structural Equation Modeling : Concepts, Issues, and Applications

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