Structures for Organizing Knowledge

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ISBN: 9781555706999 | 1555706991
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 7/15/2010

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LIS professionals use structures for organizing knowledge when they catalog and classify objects in the collection, when they develop databases, when they design customized taxonomies, or when they search online. Structures for Organizing Knowledge: Exploring Taxonomies, Ontologies, and Other Schema explores and explains this basic function by looking at three questions: 1) How do we organize objects so that they make sense and are useful? 2) What role do categories, classifications, taxonomies, and other structures play in the process of organizing? 3) What do information professionals need to know about organizing behaviors in order to design useful structures for organizing knowledge? Taking a broad, yet specialized approach that is a first in the field, this book answers those questions by examining three threads: traditional structures for organizing knowledge; personal structures for organizing knowledge; and socially-constructed structures for organizing knowledge. Through these threads, it offers avenues for expanding thinking on classification and classification schemes, taxonomy and ontology development, and structures. Both a history of the development of taxonomies and an analysis of current research, theories, and applications, this volume explores a wide array of topics, including the new digital, social aspect of taxonomy development.

List of Figures and Tables	p. xi
Preface	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xxi
Traditional Structures for Organizing Knowledge
Introduction to Structures for Organizing Knowledge	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
Framework for Exploring Organizing Behavior	p. 5
Scope	p. 6
Definitions	p. 6
Structure	p. 6
Information and Knowledge	p. 8
Conclusion	p. 14
Thought Exercises	p. 14
References	p. 15
Websites Noted in Text	p. 16
Historical Perspectives and Development of Structures for Organizing Knowledge	p. 17
Introduction and Scope of the Chapter	p. 17
Informal Structures	p. 18
Formal Structures	p. 18
Informal and Formal Structures	p. 19
History of Structures for Organizing Knowledge	p. 20
Early Taxonomists and Their Contributions	p. 21
Early Bibliographic Traces	p. 21
Later Developments in Library and Information Science	p. 22
Cataloging Codes	p. 23
Controlled Vocabularies	p. 24
Classification Schemes	p. 26
Contributions from Philosophy	p. 29
Contributions from Natural History	p. 30
Contributions from Cognitive Science	p. 34
Classical View of Categories	p. 35
Prototype Theory	p. 35
Mental Models	p. 39
Conclusion	p. 40
Thought Exercises	p. 40
References	p. 41
Websites Noted in Text	p. 42
Standards and Best Practices	p. 43
Standards and Standards Development	p. 43
Standards for Organizing Knowledge	p. 44
Standards Organizations: National Level	p. 45
Standards Organizations: Regional and International Levels	p. 46
Standards Development Process	p. 46
Standards Developers	p. 46
Development Process	p. 47
Information Technology Standards	p. 48
Technical Standards: Library Bibliographic Systems	p. 50
Technical Standards: Proprietary Databases	p. 52
Content Creation Standards	p. 53
Descriptive Cataloging: Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules	p. 53
International Standard Bibliographic Description	p. 54
IFLA International Cataloguing Principles	p. 54
Resource Description and Access	p. 55
Subject-Related Content Standards	p. 55
Controlled Vocabulary Standards	p. 55
Subject-Related Standards Developed by the Library Community	p. 56
Subject-Related Standards for the World Wide Web	p. 56
Metadata Schema Standards	p. 57
General Purpose	p. 57
Cultural Objects and Visual Resources	p. 58
Educational Purposes	p. 59
Archival and Preservation Metadata	p. 61
Metadata Registries	p. 61
Issues Related to Standardization	p. 62
Best Practices and Knowledge Organization Structures	p. 63
Conclusion	p. 64
Thought Exercises	p. 65
References	p. 65
Websites Noted in Text	p. 68
Disciplinary Uses and Applications of Knowledge Structures	p. 69
Introduction and Scope of the Chapter	p. 69
Knowledge Structures within Biology	p. 70
Principle Functions	p. 71
The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature	p. 73
The International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria	p. 75
The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature	p. 79
Role of Knowledge Structures in the Discipline	p. 83
Digital Applications and Digital Knowledge Structures	p. 84
Development of Online Collections	p. 85
Development of Infrastructure and Standards	p. 86
Large-Scale Efforts	p. 92
Knowledge Structures within Library and Information Science	p. 99
Metadata Structures and Content Creation Standards	p. 99
Machine-Readable Cataloging	p. 104
Other Metadata Schemas	p. 105
Controlled Vocabularies	p. 109
Syndetic Structure within Controlled Vocabularies	p. 110
Principles of Controlled Vocabularies	p. 112
Subject Headings Lists	p. 115
Thesauri	p. 120
Classification Schemes	p. 120
Dewey Decimal Classification Scheme	p. 122
Library of Congress Classification	p. 125
Colon Classification Scheme	p. 130
Knowledge Structures within Social Sciences	p. 132
Conclusion	p. 135
Thought Exercises	p. 135
References	p. 136
Websites Noted in Text	p. 138
Personal Structures for Organizing Knowledge
Structures for Organizing Knowledge in Personal and Professional Contexts	p. 143
Introduction and Scope of the Chapter	p. 143
Knowledge Structures and Knowledge Spaces within Personal Contexts	p. 144
Defining Personal Knowledge Spaces	p. 144
Research Focused on Personal Knowledge Organization	p. 146
Organization of Personal Knowledge Spaces in the Home Environment	p. 149
Knowledge Structures and Knowledge Spaces within Professional Contexts	p. 155
Defining Professional Knowledge Spaces	p. 155
Research Focused on Professional Knowledge Organization	p. 156
Research on Paper-Based Knowledge Organization	p. 157
Research on Digital Knowledge Organization	p. 160
Taxonomies and Ontologies Developed for Professional Use	p. 163
Conclusion	p. 167
Thought Exercises	p. 168
References	p. 168
Further Readings	p. 171
Websites Noted in Text	p. 171
Socially-Constructed Structures for Organizing Knowledge
Social Knowledge-Organizing Behaviors and Socially-Constructed Structures for Organizing Knowledge: Research and Discussion	p. 175
Introduction and Scope of the Chapter	p. 175
Introduction to Social Networking, Bookmarking, and Cataloging Sites	p. 177
Definitions	p. 177
History of Social Networking, Bookmarking, and Cataloging Sites	p. 179
Examples of Social Bookmarking and Social Cataloging Sites	p. 180
Social Bookmarking Sites: Delicious and Flickr	p. 180
Social Cataloging Sites: Library Thing	p. 184
Research Related to Social Knowledge-Organizing Behaviors and Socially-Constructed Knowledge Spaces	p. 188
Research Related to Exploration of Tags and Social Structures for Organizing Knowledge	p. 191
Learning More about Site Use and Tagging Activities	p. 191
Nature of Tags, Tagging, and Folksonomies	p. 193
Comparing Tags and Folksonomies to Controlled Vocabularies	p. 196
Conclusion	p. 200
Thought Exercises	p. 200
References	p. 200
Websites Noted in Text	p. 204
Extending Our Thinking: Creating a Structure for Organizing Knowledge from Various Threads	p. 205
Introduction and Scope of the Chapter	p. 205
Review of Traditional, Personal, and Socially-Constructed Threads	p. 206
Traditional Structures for Organizing Knowledge	p. 208
Personal Structures for Organizing Knowledge	p. 212
Socially-Constructed Knowledge Structures	p. 214
Practical Applications of the Threads	p. 216
Integration of Tags and Folksonomies within Library OPACs	p. 216
Integration of Tags and Folksonomies within Controlled
Vocabularies	p. 218
Refining Folksonomies	p. 219
The Missing Part of This Conversation!	p. 221
Thought Exercises	p. 222
References	p. 224
Websites Noted in Text	p. 226
Thinking Ahead: Are We at a Crossroads?	p. 227
Envisioning Exercise #1	p. 227
Envisioning Exercise #2	p. 227
Scenario One	p. 228
Scenario Two	p. 229
So Where Does This Leave Us?	p. 232
References	p. 235
Index	p. 237
About the Author	p. 249
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Structures for Organizing Knowledge

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