Supreme Court Drama : Cases That Changed the Nation

, by Brannen, Daniel E.; Hanes, Richard Clay; Shaw, Elizabeth M.

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ISBN: 9780787648817 | 0787648817
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 9/1/2001

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Supplemental Materials

VOLUME 4: BUSINESS AND GOVERNMENT LAW

ANTITRUST, BUSINESS, CORPORATE AND CONTRACT LAW

Fletcher v. Peck

830

(5)

The first time a state law was found invalid because it conflicted with the United States Constitution

Allgeyer v. Louisiana

835

(6)

Established that states cannot enact laws depriving citizens of their Fourteenth Amendment due process and equal protection rights. This decision expanded the interpretation of ``liberty'' to protect businesses against state regulation. Specifically, it ensured the rights of businesses to enter into contracts free from state regulation

Swift & Co. v. United States

841

(6)

Determined that the Sherman Anti-Trust Act would apply to businesses which, even when conducted on a local basis, were involved in selling a product which went into interstate trade

Standard Oil v. United States

847

(6)

Upheld a circuit court order the Standard Oil was a monopoly engaged in a conspiracy of restraint of trade and should be dissolved. This decision was hailed as a victory for anti-trust prosecution

Wickard v. Filburn

853

(14)

Upheld the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 and marked the Supreme Court's greatest expansion of federal regulatory power under the Commerce Clause of the Constitution

FEDERAL POWERS AND SEPARATION OF POWERS

Marbury v. Madison

867

(7)

Established the doctrine of judicial review, which means that the federal courts, most of all the Supreme Court, have the power to declare laws unenforceable if they violate the Constitution

McCulloch v. Maryland

874

(6)

Determined that the power to charter a bank was an implied power of the federal government under the constitution. This decision paved the way for the expansion of the role of the federal government

McGrain v. Daugherty

880

(5)

Upheld the Senate's right to compell witnesses to testify during congressional investigations. The Court's decision expanded Congress's ability to investigate the lives and activities of citizens

Barron v. Baltimore

885

(6)

Established the principle that the rights enumerated in the first ten amendments (the Bill of Rights) do no limit the powers of the states

Scott v. Sandford

891

(8)

The court determined that Dred Scott was still a slave and the rightful property of his owner regardless of whether his owner took him to a free state. The Dred Scott decision also overturned the Missiouri Compromise, stating that slaves were property and since the Constitution forbids Congress from depriving Americans of life, liberty, and property without due process of law, citizens could not be deprived of their property simply because they had traveled to a different state

Mississippi v. Johnson

899

(6)

Denied the plaintiff's claim that the court should prevent President Andrew Jackson from carrying out the provisions of the Reconstruction Act of 1867. By refusing to limit the president's power to carry out laws passed by Congress, the Court kept the separation of powers intact

Selective Draft Law Cases

905

(6)

Marked the Supreme Court's first hearing of a legal challenge to the federal government's power to draft men into the military. The Court upheld the government's power to draft

United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp

911

(5)

Upheld the presidential resolution prohibiting arms sales to warring nations. The Court's decision in this case has been used countless times to justify presidential initiatives in foreign affairs and contributed greatly to the growth of the power of the presidency in modern times

Oregon v. Mitchell

916

(7)

Determined that Congress could lower the voting age in federal elections to eighteen but that state and local governments reserved the right to set their own voting age. This decision prompted the passage of the Twenty-sixth Amendment, setting the voting age in all elections at eighteen

United States v. Nixon

923

(8)

Ordered President Richard M. Nixon to obey a subpoena ordering him to turn over tape recording and other documents relating to the Watergate break-in. The Court found that the president was not immune from judicial process

Nixon v. Fitzgerald

931

(6)

Established the principle of ``absolute immunity'' for actions taken by a president in the course of his official duties

Morrison v. Olson

937

(7)

Upheld the Ethics in Government Act, which allows special counsels to be appointed by the attorney general of the United States in order to investigate high-level officials for possible violations of federal criminal laws

Clinton v. Jones

944

(16)

Decided that the president does not have immunity from a civil law-suit for conduct not related to his official acts. The court reemphasized that while the president may not be sued for acts relating to his official duties, he is subject to the same laws as the general population regarding purely private conduct

FEDERALISM AND STATE POWERS

Martin v. Hunter's Lessee

960

(6)

In this decision, the Court's supremacy over state courts was established as the Commonwealth of Virginia was forced to recognize its decision

Gibbons v. Ogden

966

(6)

This decision, the first to be under the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution, declared that states cannot grant exclusive rights to navigate its waters because Congress is constitutionally guaranteed the right to regulate interstate commerce

Nebbia v. New York

972

(6)

The Court's decision that government had no power to regulate retail prices for milk sales did away with the distinction between public enterprise, which the state may regulate, and private enterprise, which it may not

Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins

978

(6)

The Court's decision not to allow federal court decisions to supercede existing state law dramatically changed the distribution of power between state and federal courts

International Shoe Co. v. State of Washington

984

(6)

This decision has been used for more than fifty years to help establish the circumstances under which a person or corporation comes under the jurisdiction of a state that is not a state of primary residence

Puerto Rico v. Branstad

990

(13)

The Supreme Court said that federal courts have the power to order state governments to obey the U.S. Constitution and federal laws

LABOR AND LABOR PRACTICES

Lochner v. New York

1003

(7)

The decision recognized a sweeping new freedom of contract loosely drawn from the due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth amendments. Employers and employees had an unwritten constitutional right to determine wages, hours, and working conditions without government restriction

Muller v. Oregon

1010

(7)

This decision paved the way for men and children to later receive similar protections under state laws regulating workplace conditions. But, the ruling also reinforced sexual discrimination in the workplace experienced by many women through the rest of the twentieth century

Hammer v. Dagenhart

1017

(7)

This decision was a strong statement in favor of state powers. The Court continued taking unpopular positions on attempts by the federal government to regulate business and protect workers' rights

National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Group

1024

(7)

This landmark ruling signaled a radical change in the Supreme Court's acceptance of Congressional power to regulate economic matters. Affirmation of the National Labor Relations Act, the most radical of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal program, marked a change in emphasis from protecting freedom of contract to protecting workers' rights

Darby v. United States

1031

(4)

Darby allowed Congress to use its power under the Commerce Clause, which involves business, to enact laws for public welfare

Corning Glass Works v. Brennan

1035

(11)

With Corning, the Supreme Court reinforced the policy of ``equal pay for equal work

MILITARY LAW

Toth v. Quarles

1046

(5)

With Toth, the Court said the military does not have power to try civilians for military crimes

Goldman v. Weinberger

1051

(6)

Goldman allows the military to sacrifice religious freedom for uniformity to maintain discipline and morale

Clinton v. Goldsmith

1057

(15)

With Clinton, the Court said military officers must follow the proper legal channels to challenge a decision by the president of the United States

NATIVE AMERICANS

Johnson v. McIntosh

1072

(7)

This landmark ruling established the legal basis by which the United States could establish its land base

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

1079

(8)

By refusing to hear this case, the Court left the Cherokees at the mercy of the state of Georgia and its land-hungry citizens. In late 1838 the Cherokee were forcefully marched under winter conditions from their homes in northwest Georgia to lands set aside in Oklahoma

Worcester v. Georgia

1087

(14)

This ruling was the third key decision by the Court since 1823 establishing the political standing of Indian tribes within the United States. The ruling recognized the politically independent status of tribes. States did not have jurisdiction to pass laws regulating activities on Indian lands located within their state boundaries

TAXATION

Head Money Cases: Cunard Steamship Company

1101

(7)

The Court ruled on whether it was constitutional to tax immigrants for coming into the United States

Pollack v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. (I and II)

1108

(6)

This case found the Court deciding that Congress did not have the power to collect an income tax

Helvering v. Davis

1114

The decision in this case helped to set up the Social Security system

General Bibliography

xci

Justices of the Supreme Court

xciii

The Constitution of the United States

xcvii

Index

cxix

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