Sustainable Wells: Maintenance, Problem Prevention, and Rehabilitation

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ISBN: 9780849375767 | 0849375762
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 11/4/2009

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Focusing on operational practicality, Sustainable Wells: Maintenance, Problem Prevention, and Rehabilitation serves as a comprehensive guide to state-of-the-art performance maintenance, prevention, and rehabilitation. This book addresses design features to maximize sustainability and cost-effectiveness issues in planning. It covers directional, horizontal, and vertical wells for water abstraction, recharge, barrier, and monitoring applications in both developed and developing countries. Including spreadsheets for readers to design and follow as well as recommendations based on historical performance, this text provides a single source for information on well sustainability.

List of Tables and Figures	p. xiii
Disclaimer	p. xxi
Preface	p. xxiii
Authors	p. xxvii
Acknowledgments	p. xxix
A Brief Colorful History of Well Maintenance and Rehabilitation and Their Milestones	p. 1
Some History	p. 1
The Role of the "Environmental" Sector in Shaping Well Rehabilitation and Maintenance	p. 5
The Impact of Biology on Hydrogeology and Ground-Water Technology	p. 6
Economics, Human Skills, Personalities, Demographics, and Other Issues	p. 8
A Word about Terminology	p. 11
Causes and Effects of Well Deterioration	p. 13
Summary: Causes of Poor Performance	p. 13
True Grit-Sand and Silt	p. 13
Yield and Drawdown Problems	p. 17
Chemical Incrustation	p. 20
Corrosion	p. 22
Plastic Deterioration	p. 26
Biofouling-A Hitchhiker's Guide to How Life Takes Over	p. 26
Biofilm and Biofouling Basics	p. 27
Biofilms and Microbial Survival	p. 29
Biofilm Function and Ecological Function	p. 30
Biofilms and Biofouling in Ground Water	p. 30
Water Quality Degradation: Monitoring and Remediation Problems	p. 33
Microbially Mediated Metallic Corrosion	p. 37
Iron, Manganese, and Sulfur Biofouling	p. 39
Fe, Mn, and S Biofouling: What's Happening	p. 39
How Fe, Mn, and S Biofouling Occurs	p. 40
The Redox Fringe	p. 42
Effects on Performance of Well Systems: A Summary	p. 43
Hydraulic Impacts	p. 46
Sample Quality in Monitoring Wells	p. 47
ASR Well Systems	p. 47
Health Concerns Relating to Biofouling	p. 48
Pathogens	p. 48
Toxic Accumulation	p. 49
Chlorination of Organic Chemicals	p. 49
Impacts on Treatment Plants	p. 49
Engineering and Construction Aggravation of Clogging and Corrosion	p. 50
Well Structural Deformation and Failure: Natural and Human Caused	p. 51
Natural	p. 51
Earthquakes	p. 51
Mass Wasting	p. 53
Human Induced	p. 55
Mining	p. 55
Mine Blasting	p. 56
Grouting	p. 57
Casing Weight/Quality/Integrity/Engineering Issues	p. 59
Improper Rehabilitation and Development Methods, and Other Abuses of Wells	p. 61
Electrochemical Corrosion from Stray Potentials	p. 62
And Other Factors	p. 63
Disaster-Related Flooding	p. 64
Management and Operational Overview	p. 65
Economic Impacts of Well Deterioration	p. 67
Identifying Costs of Well Deterioration	p. 67
Defining Economic Parameters	p. 67
Types and Dimensions of Costs of Well Operation and Service	p. 69
Asset Management and Life Cycle Cost	p. 73
Asset Management Features of Well Systems	p. 74
Life Cycle Costs	p. 75
Assigning Economic Value	p. 76
Water Supply EV	p. 77
Other Environmental EV	p. 77
Government Accounting Valuation of Assets	p. 78
A Costly Example	p. 78
Prevention Practices for Sustainable Wells	p. 81
Prevention-its Place in the Well Life Cycle	p. 81
Interlude: Teeth and Motor Vehicles	p. 82
Prevention: Design and Construction Considerations	p. 84
Planning Considerations	p. 84
Role of Well Purpose	p. 86
Well Design	p. 86
Casing for Well Completion	p. 87
Well Hydraulics and Efficiency-General Considerations	p. 89
Well Screens and Intakes	p. 90
Screen Design	p. 91
Screen and Filter Pack Material Selection	p. 91
Grouting and Well Sealing	p. 93
Well Development	p. 94
Reasons for Development	p. 94
Development Method Descriptions	p. 95
Overpumping	p. 96
Surging and Pumping or Bailing (Utilizing Surge Block)	p. 96
Airlift Development	p. 99
Jetting	p. 100
"Conventional" Development Choices	p. 102
Fluid-Pulse Development	p. 104
Other Care Issues in Development and Redevelopment	p. 105
Preventing Contamination during Drilling, Well Construction, and Development	p. 105
Preventative Pump Choices and Actions	p. 106
Pump Selection	p. 107
Pumps in Water Supply and Other Extraction (or Abstraction) Wells	p. 107
Pumps in Monitoring Wells	p. 108
Pump Protection	p. 110
Design Aspects: The "Cliff Notes" Version	p. 113
A Note about Well Houses	p. 114
Well Array Design Recommendations	p. 115
A Developing World Note	p. 116
Maintenance Monitoring Programs for Wells	p. 119
Maintenance Monitoring: Rationale for Instituting a Monitoring Program	p. 119
Maintenance Procedures Overview	p. 122
Implementing a Maintenance Program-it's Institutional, Not Personal	p. 122
Maintenance is Personal (and Personnel), Too	p. 122
Maintenance Basics	p. 123
Well System Maintenance Records	p. 123
Maintenance Monitoring for Performance and Water Quality	p. 124
Maintenance Actions and Treatments	p. 125
A Maintenance Monitoring Protocol for Wells	p. 126
Purposes of Maintenance Monitoring	p. 127
Background for Current Monitoring Recommendations	p. 127
Deciding How to Monitor	p. 128
Incorporating PM Data Collection into the Facility Data Collection Effort	p. 130
Recommended Testing and Information Monitoring Methods	p. 130
Visual and Other Sensory Examination	p. 130
Well and Pump Performance	p. 131
Benchmarking	p. 132
Compare Apples with Apples	p. 136
Monitoring Pump and Pump Motor Performance	p. 137
Tracking Well Performance	p. 137
Water Level Measurement Recommendations	p. 139
Well Discharge Measurement	p. 139
Pressure Measurement	p. 141
Electrical (Power)	p. 141
Water Sampling	p. 142
Physicochemical Analyses	p. 142
Biological Monitoring: Decision Making	p. 143
Whether to Monitor for Biofouling	p. 144
Biofouling Monitoring: What Methods to Choose	p. 144
A Note about the Current State of the Art in Well Maintenance Monitoring Methods	p. 144
Biofouling Monitoring Methods: Analysis	p. 145
Microscopic Examination and Analysis	p. 145
Culturing Methods	p. 146
How Minimal Can Testing Be?	p. 149
Biofouling Monitoring Methods: Sampling Methods	p. 151
Pumped Sampling	p. 151
Surface Collection on Slides or Coupons	p. 152
Representativeness of Collection Sampling	p. 153
Electrochemical in-line Sensors	p. 155
Summary of Recommendations for Maintenance Monitoring in Routine Practice	p. 156
Summary of Data Collection Requirements	p. 156
Well Data File Features	p. 156
Pumping Rates	p. 157
System Pressure	p. 157
Water Level Data	p. 157
Electrical (Power) Data	p. 158
Video for Historical Comparison	p. 158
Hydrogeologic Information That Should Be on File	p. 158
Piezometric Data	p. 158
Piezometric Maps	p. 159
Geologic Regime	p. 159
Development Data	p. 159
Maintenance Logs for Individual Wells	p. 161
Where Records Should Be Kept	p. 161
Downtime History	p. 161
File Records Purpose and Format Issues	p. 162
Schedule of Maintenance Monitoring Actions for Wells	p. 163
Minimum Regular Schedule for First Year	p. 163
Schedule for Reducing Maintenance Monitoring after First Year	p. 163
Rationale and Commentary	p. 165
Institutional and Funding Issues in Maintenance Planning, Analysis, and Execution	p. 165
Background and Barriers to Effective Maintenance Implementation	p. 165
Institutional Needs for Effective Implementations	p. 167
Quarterly Review of Facility Performance Data	p. 168
Baseline and Historical Data for Wells/Site	p. 168
Operator/Working Crew Leader Qualifications and Training	p. 169
Determination of Operational Maintenance Responsibilities	p. 170
Preventive Treatments and Actions	p. 171
Sand/Sediment Pumping	p. 171
What Do We Do if We Have Corrosion?	p. 172
Biofouling (General)	p. 174
Inorganic Encrustations (General)	p. 174
Preventive Chemical Treatments	p. 174
General: Cost-Effectiveness, Professionalism	p. 174
Cost-Effectiveness	p. 175
Professionalism	p. 176
Chemical Classes and Properties	p. 176
Acids for Maintenance Treatment	p. 176
Biocides and Oxidizing Compounds	p. 176
Penetrating, Sequestering, and Dispersing Agents	p. 181
Blended Method Treatments	p. 181
Use and Interpretation of MSDSs	p. 182
Compatibility with Well Cleaning Chemicals	p. 183
Mechanical Agitation and Augmentation	p. 183
Chemical Emplacement	p. 184
Chemical Removal and Recovery	p. 184
In Situ Maintenance Treatment Techniques	p. 185
Chemical Feeders in Wells	p. 185
Radiation-That Gentle Glow	p. 185
Application of Electromagnetically Charged Surfaces	p. 186
CO₂ Well Environment Adjustment-Making the Environment Inhospitable for Biofouling	p. 186
Further Procedural Requirements	p. 187
Regulatory Aspects	p. 187
Biofouling Recurrence	p. 187
Health and Safety Concerns	p. 187
Health and Safety Plan	p. 187
Level of Protection for Mixing and Well Application	p. 188
Chemical Handling Hazards	p. 188
Mixing Chemicals-Personal Safety Aspects	p. 188
Costs and Time of Routine Preventive Measurements	p. 189
Maintenance Cost-Benefit Analysis	p. 189
Cost-Benefit Analysis: A Spreadsheet Approach	p. 189
The Heartbreak of Well Failure: An Overriding Weighting Factor	p. 190
Costs of Maintenance Activities	p. 192
Maintenance Monitoring Costs-Typical	p. 192
Preventive Treatment Costs	p. 194
Improving Cost-Effectiveness in Maintenance	p. 194
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Planning	p. 197
Decisions on Rehabilitation Methods: After Things Go Wrong	p. 197
Management and Safety in Well Rehabilitation	p. 198
Facility Management Considerations	p. 198
Responsibility for the Work	p. 199
Getting the Job Done	p. 200
Safety and Productivity in Well Rehabilitation Work	p. 201
Safety Assurance	p. 201
Facilitating Productivity	p. 202
Rehabilitation Contractor Considerations	p. 203
Safety: What the Contractor Needs to Have and Know	p. 203
Practical Stuff: Access and Response	p. 205
Contractors and Consultants: Avoiding Trouble in Working Together	p. 208
Mutual Respect in Rehabilitation Work	p. 208
Specifications: Business and Bidding Considerations	p. 208
Specification Pitfalls	p. 208
Overcoming Pitfalls	p. 209
Effluent Waste Water Containment	p. 210
Well Rehabilitation: Decision Making on Methods	p. 210
To Rehab or Not to Rehab? That is the Question	p. 210
The Costs of Well Rehabilitation	p. 213
The Cost of Doing Nothing	p. 213
Costs for Serious Rehabilitation Work	p. 214
Contractor Pricing of Rehabilitation Work	p. 215
Choosing Rehabilitation Methods	p. 216
Damage	p. 217
Issues in Rehabilitation Chemical Selection	p. 218
Reconstruction	p. 220
Specifications for Rehabilitation	p. 221
Specification Deficiencies	p. 221
What Well Rehabilitation Specifications Should Have	p. 225
Selecting Well Rehabilitation Bids	p. 226
The Role of Consultant Specifier-Observer	p. 227
Rehabilitation Methods	p. 229
Technical Descriptions	p. 229
Physical Agitation	p. 229
Basic Principles	p. 229
"Conventional" Redevelopment	p. 229
Other or Advanced Physical Redevelopment Methods	p. 231
Cold CO₂Treatment	p. 231
Sonic/Vibratory Disruption-"Use the Force, Luke!"	p. 233
Fluid-Pulse Tools	p. 236
The Pharmacopoeia: Chemical Use in Rehabilitation	p. 240
Overview	p. 240
Acidizing	p. 243
Types of Acid Compounds	p. 243
Using Acidizing in Well Treatment	p. 245
Sequestering and Other PSDD Functions	p. 247
Antibacterial (Antimicrobial) Agents	p. 248
Chlorination	p. 248
Alternatives to Chlorine as Oxidants for Biofouling	p. 252
Blended Method Treatments	p. 254
Application of Rehabilitation Methods Summary	p. 256
Posttreatment after Well Rehabilitation	p. 257
Some Follow-up "Truisms"	p. 257
Learning and Going Forward	p. 263
Learning from the Past	p. 263
Where Do We Go from Here?	p. 264
Wish List	p. 265
Education, Communication, and Mutual Respect: Human Issues in Well Maintenance	p. 266
Recommended Reading List	p. 269
Recommended Reading List	p. 269
Selected References	p. 272
Selected Relevant Standards	p. 277
ANSI/ASTM Standards (a selection)	p. 278
Index	p. 279
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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