Synchrotron Radiation Production and

This book introduces in a thorough and self-contained way the production of electromagnetic radiation by high energy electron storage rings. This radiation, which is called synchroton radiation, has become a research tool of wide application. Physicists, chemists, biologists, geologists,engineers, material scientists, and other scientific disciplines use it as a structural probe for the study of surfaces, bulk material, crystals, and viruses. Solids, liquids and gases can be spectroscopically analysed by using synchroton radiation. This book brings together for the first time theproperties as well as the means of production of synchroton radiation and presents them in a coherent and clear way. It will be an indispensable reference for all those involved in modern synchroton radiation experiments.

This book introduces in a thorough and self-contained way the production of electromagnetic radiation by high energy electron storage rings. This radiation, which is called synchrotron radiation, has become a research tool of wide application. Physicists, chemists, biologists, geologists, engineers, material scientists, and other scientific disciplines use it as a structural probe for the study of surfaces, bulk material, crystals, and viruses. Solids, liquids and gases can be spectroscopically analysed by using synchrotron radiation. This book brings together for the first time the properties as well as the means of production of synchrotron radiation and presents them in a coherent and clear way. It will be an indispensable reference for all those involved in modern synchrotron radiation experiments. Philip John Duke is an Honorary Scientist at Daresbury Laboratory, UK.

Synchrotron radiation and electromagnetic waves	p. 1
Prelude	p. 1
Elementary wave properties	p. 2
Electromagnetic waves	p. 3
The electromagnetic spectrum	p. 4
Electromagnetic waves around us	p. 5
The wave equation	p. 6
Analysis of the wave spectrum	p. 7
Electromagnetic wave pulses are called photons	p. 13
Electromagnetic radiation is produced by electrons	p. 16
Introduction	p. 16
Electrons-source of electric field	p. 16
Electric fields can be described by lines of force	p. 17
Moving electrons-source of magnetic field	p. 19
Fields described by potential functions	p. 21
The divergence equation	p. 22
The continuity equation	p. 24
The rotation or curl equation	p. 25
Changing magnetic fields produce electric fields	p. 27
Changing electric fields produce magnetic fields	p. 29
Maxwell's equations and electromagnetic radiation	p. 29
Electromagnetic radiation-observed and imagined	p. 32
The special place of the velocity of light	p. 32
Relative motion-classical relativity	p. 33
Special Relativity	p. 34
Understanding the Lorentz transformation	p. 36
The Doppler effect-in the forward direction	p. 38
The Doppler effect-when the source is viewed from an oblique angle	p. 40
Lorentz transformation of four-vectors	p. 44
Transformation of velocities	p. 45
Transformation of accelerations	p. 47
Energy and momentum	p. 50
The four-force	p. 51
Radiation from moving electrons	p. 53
Electromagnetic waves in free space-no electric charges or currents	p. 53
Electromagnetic waves produced by current and charges	p. 55
Electromagnetic waves transfer energy-the Poynting vector	p. 57
Electromagnetic waves transfer momentum	p. 60
Electromagnetic waves generated by a distant source	p. 61
Synchrotron radiation from dipole magnets	p. 76
Properties of circular motion	p. 76
Motion of a moving charge in a constant magnetic field	p. 77
Radiation of energy by a moving charge in a constant magnetic field	p. 79
Dependence of radiation on frequency and angle	p. 88
Fourier transform of the electric field	p. 91
Radiation from an electron moving along the arc of a circle	p. 93
The spectral distribution of synchrotron radiation	p. 97
Properties of the modified Bessel functions	p. 97
Photon distribution as a function of energy and angle	p. 102
Photon polarization as a function of energy and angle	p. 106
Photon spectral distribution integrated over vertical angles	p. 114
Introduction to electron storage rings	p. 127
Principles of operation	p. 127
Dipole magnets	p. 127
Quadrupole magnets	p. 130
Multipole magnets	p. 134
Total energy radiated	p. 134
Radio-frequency cavities	p. 136
Electron beam dimensions	p. 141
Beam lifetime and beam movement	p. 141
Ring injection	p. 142
Radiation shielding	p. 143
Synchrotron radiation from electron storage rings	p. 144
Description of the electron beam	p. 144
Definition of synchrotron radiation brightness	p. 146
Calculation of synchrotron radiation brightness	p. 148
Use of the synchrotron radiation universal function	p. 148
Approximation to the photon angular distribution	p. 150
Behaviour of the electron beam in a synchrotron radiation storage ring. The concept of phase space	p. 156
Introduction	p. 156
The magnetic field function	p. 156
The electron equations of motion-motion in the horizontal plane	p. 158
The electron equations of motion-motion in the vertical plane	p. 161
Electron beam trajectories	p. 162
Phase space	p. 165
The phase space ellipse	p. 168
Behaviour of the electron beam in a synchrotron radiation storage ring. Betatron oscillations	p. 174
Introduction	p. 174
Betatron oscillations	p. 174
Betatron tune values	p. 175
Energy dispersion	p. 181
Orbit length and energy	p. 182
Isomagnetic guide field	p. 184
Behaviour of the electron beam in a synchrotron radiation storage ring. Energy oscillations	p. 186
Introduction	p. 186
Damping of energy oscillations	p. 188
Minimizing the electron beam emittance	p. 200
Vertical beam emittance	p. 203
Insertion devices-wigglers	p. 206
Introduction	p. 206
Single and multipole wigglers	p. 206
Electron trajectory in a multipole wiggler	p. 209
Insertion devices-undulators	p. 213
Elementary theory of undulators	p. 213
Calculation of the photon flux	p. 216
Total power output	p. 228
Realization of undulators	p. 230
Recent developments and future prospects	p. 231
Introduction	p. 231
High brightness sources	p. 231
Radiation from insertion devices	p. 232
Medium energy sources	p. 233
Coherence of undulator radiation	p. 234
Beam current and beam lifetime considerations	p. 237
Conclusion	p. 238
Epilogue	p. 238
Vector algebra	p. 240
Prelude	p. 240
Definitions-scalars and vectors	p. 240
Vectors in a right-handed coordinate system	p. 240
Vector multiplication-scalar product	p. 241
Vector multiplication-vector product	p. 242
Vector multiplication-scalar triple product	p. 243
Vector multiplication-vector triple product	p. 243
Square of a vector product	p. 244
Differentiation of vectors	p. 244
The gradient operator	p. 245
The gradient operator-divergence and rotation	p. 246
Index	p. 247
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Synchrotron Radiation Production and Properties

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