Synchrotron-based Techniques in Soils and Sediments

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ISBN: 9780444532619 | 0444532617
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 4/26/2010

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Synchrotron-based Techniques in Soils and Sediments reviews the diverse aspects of the chemistry, physics and mineralogy of soils and sediments elucidated by the use of synchrotron-based research techniques. This text provides an assessment of the impact of X-ray absorption spectroscopy on understanding soil processes and the role synchrotron-based research takes in the regulatory and remediation processes. Authored by an internationally recognized team of authors from Europe, North America, Asia and Australia, this book serves as an important reference for academics and professionals working in soil sciences.

The Impacts of X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy on Understanding Soil Processes and Reaction Mechanisms	p. 1
Introduction and Information Gained from XAS	p. 2
Complementary/Alternative Techniques	p. 3
Historical Aspects of XAS Applications to Mineral/Water Interfacial Reactions	p. 6
Applications of XAS to Elucidate Soil Chemical Processes and Reactions	p. 7
Future Needs	p. 21
Acknowledgments	p. 21
Practical Application of Synchrotron-Based Hard X-Ray Microprobes in Soil Sciences	p. 27
The Advent of Hard X-Ray Microprobes to the Analysis of Soils	p. 28
An Introduction to Hard X-Ray Microprobes	p. 30
X-Ray Sources Commonly Utilized for HXRMs	p. 31
HXRM Focusing Optics	p. 32
Elemental Analysis by HXRM X-Ray Fluorescence	p. 34
HXRM XRF Imaging	p. 39
Microfocused X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy	p. 41
Microfocused X-Ray Diffraction	p. 47
Applications	p. 55
Closing Thoughts	p. 69
Acknowledgments	p. 69
Applications of Microtomography in Soils and Sediments	p. 73
Introduction: Why is Computed Microtomography Needed?	p. 74
Synchrotron-Based X-Ray Microtomography (SR-¿CT): Potentials and Limitations	p. 75
Principles of Synchrotron Microtomography	p. 77
Applications of SR-¿CT in Soils and Sediments	p. 80
Reconstruction and Image Analysis of 3D Pore Space Networks from SR-¿CT Data	p. 83
Investigation of Intra-Aggregate Soil Pore Networks: An Example	p. 90
Conclusion	p. 97
Acknowledgments	p. 98
Synchrotron Infrared Spectromicroscopy for Studying Chemistry of Microbial Activity in Geologic Materials	p. 103
Introduction	p. 103
Experimental Procedures	p. 108
Issues Associated with Spectra Analysis and Interpretation	p. 110
Applications	p. 114
Limitations	p. 121
Prospects and Conclusions	p. 123
Acknowledgments	p. 124
Application of Extended X-Ray Emission Fine Structure Spectroscopy in Soil and Sediments	p. 131
Introduction	p. 131
Extended X-Ray Emission Fine Structure	p. 134
Brief Summary of the Structure of Al₂O₃ and AlPO₄	p. 137
TEY and XFY Measurements on a Synchrotron Beamline	p. 139
Hard X-RAY Absorption Spectroscopy	p. 143
Conclusions	p. 143
Role of Synchrotron Techniques in USEPA Regulatory and Remediation Decisions	p. 147
Introduction	p. 147
Application of Synchrotron Techniques to Understand the Impact of Metals in the Environment	p. 149
Conclusions	p. 162
Acknowledgment	p. 166
The Rhizosphere: A Synchrotron-Based View of Nutrient Flow in the Root Zone	p. 171
Introduction	p. 171
Effects of Plant Roots on the Rhizosphere Microenvironment	p. 172
Plant-Microbe Interactions in the Rhizosphere	p. 173
Questions Amenable to Synchrotron-Based Imaging Methods: Opportunities and Challenges	p. 175
Synchrotron IR Microscopy: Establishing Models for Rhizosphere Interactions	p. 176
Characterizing and Improving Rhizobox Technology: IR Optics Issues	p. 179
Plant-Culture Issues	p. 180
Polyuronic Acids in Root Mucilage	p. 184
Scanning Transmission X-Ray Microscopy Applications in Ecology	p. 187
Conclusions	p. 192
Acknowledgments	p. 192
Applications of Synchrotron-Based X-Ray Diffraction and X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy to the Understanding of Poorly Crystalline and Metal-Substituted Iron Oxides	p. 199
Introduction	p. 200
Crystal Structures of Iron Oxides	p. 202
XRD Versus XAS	p. 204
Examples of Metal Substitution in Iron Oxides and Synchrotron Applications	p. 214
Vanadium Substitution in Goethite: Importance of Oxidation-State-Associated Coordination Environment	p. 217
Multiple Metal Substitutions in Goethite	p. 220
Multiple Metal Substitutions in Goethite: The Story of Copper	p. 223
Natural Goethite Substituted with Multiple Metals	p. 223
Iron (III) Oxide Formation from FeSO₄	p. 225
Metal Substitutions in Hematite	p. 241
Effect of Foreign Metal Cations on Akaganéite Formation	p. 242
Concluding Remarks	p. 245
Acknowledgments	p. 249
Nitrogen Compounds in Dissolved and Solid Environmental Samples	p. 255
Introduction	p. 255
Beamline Optimization, Sample Preparation, and Data Evaluation	p. 257
Applications of N-XANES to Characterize N Functions in Soils	p. 262
Conclusions and Outlook	p. 283
Acknowledgments	p. 284
Organic Carbon Chemistry in Soils Observed by Synchrotron-Based Spectroscopy	p. 289
Introduction	p. 289
Synchrotron-Based Techniques and Instrumentation Relevant to C Chemistry in Soils	p. 291
Resolving Key Questions in Soil Biogeochemistry	p. 296
Prospects for Future Research	p. 307
Macroscale Chemical Properties and X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Soil Phosphorus	p. 313
Overview of Soil Phosphorus	p. 314
Phosphorus Chemistry Derived from Macroscale Research	p. 319
X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Phosphorus Speciation	p. 331
XANES Analysis of P Species in Agricultural Wastes	p. 349
Conclusions	p. 350
Acknowledgments	p. 350
Arsenic Chemistry in Soils and Sediments	p. 357
Introduction	p. 357
Chemistry of Arsenic	p. 358
Arsenic Biogeochemistry	p. 362
Desorption of Arsenic in Soils and Sediments	p. 364
Advancements Through Synchrotron Science	p. 370
Summary and Conclusions	p. 371
Acknowledgments	p. 375
Mercury Biogeochemistry in Soils and Sediments	p. 379
Biogeochemistry of Mercury and the Importance of Chemical Speciation Analysis	p. 380
Chemical Speciation of Mercury in Soils and Sediments Using XAS	p. 382
Conclusions	p. 406
Uranium Chemistry in Soils and Sediments	p. 411
Introduction	p. 412
Design of a Uranium XAS Experiment	p. 414
Uranium XANES Analysis	p. 416
Uranium EXAFS Analysis	p. 417
XAS Studies	p. 423
Summary	p. 457
Acknowledgments	p. 460
Index	p. 467
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Synchrotron-based Techniques in Soils and Sediments

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