Systematic Reviews in Health Care

The second edition of this best-selling book has been thoroughly revised and expanded to reflect the significant changes and advances made in systematic reviewing. New features include discussion on the rationale, meta-analyses of prognostic and diagnostic studies and software, and the use of systematic reviews in practice.

Matthias Egger is professor of epidemiology and public health at the University of Bern in Switzerland, as well as professor of clinical epidemiology at the University of Bristol in the United Kingdom.

George Davey-Smith is the editor of Systematic Reviews in Health Care: Meta-Analysis in Context, 2nd Edition, published by Wiley.

Douglas G. Altman, Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford and EQUATOR Network, Oxford, UK.

Contributors

viii

Foreword

xiii

Introduction

Rationale, potentials, and promise of systematic reviews

3

(20)

Matthias Egger

George Davey Smith

Keith O'Rourke

Part I: Systematic reviews of controlled trials

Principles of and procedures for systematic reviews

23

(20)

Matthias Egger

George Davey Smith

Problems and limitations in conducting systematic reviews

43

(26)

Matthias Egger

Kay Dickersin

George Davey Smith

Identifying randomised trials

69

(18)

Carol Lefebvre

Michael J Clarke

Assessing the quality of randomised controlled trials

87

(22)

Peter Juni

Douglas G Altman

Matthias Egger

Obtaining individual patient data from randomised controlled trials

109

(13)

Michael J Clarke

Lesley A Stewart

Assessing the quality of reports of systematic reviews: the QUOROM statement compared to other tools

122

(21)

Beverley Shea

Catherine Dube

David Moher

Part II: Investigating variability within and between studies

Going beyond the grand mean: subgroup analysis in meta-analysis of randomised trials

143

(14)

George Davey Smith

Matthias Egger

Why and how sources of heterogeneity should be investigated

157

(19)

Simon G Thompson

Analysing the relationship between treatment benefit and underlying risk: precautions and recommendations

176

(13)

Stephen J Sharp

Investigating and dealing with publication and other biases

189

(22)

Jonathan A C Sterne

Matthias Egger

George Davey Smith

Part III: Systematic reviews of observational studies

Systematic reviews of observational studies

211

(17)

Matthias Egger

George Davey Smith

Martin Schneider

Systematic reviews of evaluations of prognostic variables

228

(20)

Douglas G Altman

Systematic reviews of evaluations of diagnostic and screening tests

248

(37)

Jonathan J Deeks

Part IV: Statistical methods and computer software

Statistical methods for examining heterogeneity and combining results from several studies in meta-analysis

285

(28)

Jonathan J Deeks

Douglas G Altman

Michael J Bradburn

Effect measures for meta-analysis of trials with binary outcomes

313

(23)

Jonathan J Deeks

Douglas G Altman

Meta-analysis software

336

(11)

Jonathan A C Sterne

Matthias Egger

Alexander J Sutton

Meta-analysis in Stata™

347

(26)

Jonathan A C Sterne

Michael J Bradburn

Matthias Egger

Part V: Using systematic reviews in practice

Applying the results of systematic reviews at the bedside

373

(13)

Finlay A McAlister

Numbers needed to treat derived from meta-analyses: pitfalls and cautions

386

(14)

Shah Ebrahim

Using systematic reviews in clinical guideline development

400

(10)

Martin Eccles

Nick Freemantle

James Mason

Using systematic reviews for evidence based policy making

410

(9)

J A Muir Gray

Using systematic reviews for economic evaluation

419

(10)

Miranda Mugford

Using systematic reviews and registers of ongoing trials for scientific and ethical trial design, monitoring, and reporting

429

(18)

Iain Chalmers

Part VI: The Cochrane Collaboration

The Cochrane Collaboration in the 20th century

447

(12)

Gerd Antes

Andrew D Oxman

The Cochrane Collaboration in the 21st century: ten challenges and one reason why they must be met

459

(16)

Andrew D Oxman

Index

475

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Systematic Reviews in Health Care Meta-Analysis in Context

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials