Telecommunications Transmission Handbook

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ISBN: 9780471240181 | 0471240184
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 4/13/1998

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A senior life member of the IEEE, Roger Freeman has lectured at numerous professional conferences and published widely in international telecommunications journals. He gives telecommunications seminars at the University of Wisconsin, Madison.

Preface

xxvii

Chapter 1 Introductory Concepts

(42)

1.1 Transmission -- Definitions

(1)

1.2 A Simplified Transmission System

(1)

1.3 The Decibel

(5)

1.4 Basic Derived Decibel Units

(1)

1.4.1 The dBm

(1)

1.4.2 The dBW

(1)

1.4.3 The dBmV

(1)

1.4.4 The Use of Decibels to Express Antenna Gain or Loss

(1)

1.4.5 Absolute Level of an Electromagnetic Field

1.5 The Neper

(2)

1.6 The Addition of Power Levels in dB (dBm/dBW) or Similar Absolute Logarithmic Units

(2)

1.7 Normal Distribution-Standard Deviation

(2)

1.8 The Simple Telephone Connection

(1)

1.9 The Practical Transmission of Speech

(16)

1.9.1 Bandwidth

(1)

1.9.2 Speech Transmission-The Human Factor

(1)

1.9.3 Attenuation Distortion

(2)

1.9.4 Phase Distortion and Envelope Delay Distortion

(2)

1.9.5 Level

(2)

1.9.6 Noise

(8)

1.10 Signal-to-Noise Ratio

(1)

1.11 The Expression E(b)/N(0)

(1)

1.12 Noise Figure

(1)

1.13 Relating Noise Figure to Noise Temperature

(2)

1.14 Effective Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP)

(1)

1.14.1 The Concept of the Isotropic Antenna

(1)

1.15 Wavelength-Frequency Relationship

(1)

1.16 Longitudinal Balance

(3)

1.17 Some Common Conversion Factors

(1)

Review Exercises

(2)

References

(1)

Chapter 2 Telephone Transmission

(54)

2.1 General

(1)

2.2 Transmission Quality

(1)

2.3 The Telephone Instrument

(4)

2.3.1 Transmitters

(1)

2.3.2 Receivers

(1)

2.3.3 The Speech Signal

(2)

2.4 Introduction to the Subscriber Loop or Telephone Loop

(2)

2.4.1 Subscriber Loop Length Limits

(1)

2.5 Transmission Factors in Speech Telephony

(7)

2.5.1 Loudness

(1)

2.5.2 Methods of Rating a Telephone Connection for Loudness

(6)

2.6 Telephone Networks

(18)

2.6.1 General

(1)

2.6.2 Basic Considerations

(1)

2.6.3 Two-Wire/Four-Wire Transmission

(3)

2.6.4 Echo, Singing and Design Loss

(10)

2.6.5 Transmission Loss Plans

(4)

2.7 Subscriber Loop Design

(10)

2.7.1 Introduction

(1)

2.7.2 Calculation of the Resistance Limit

(1)

2.7.3 Calculation of the Loss (Attenuation) Limit

(2)

2.7.4 Loading

(1)

2.7.5 Subsriber Loop Design Plans-North American Practice

(5)

2.8 Design of Local Area Trunks (Junctions)

(1)

2.9 VF Repeaters

(1)

2.10 ITU-T Interface

(7)

2.10.1 Introduction

(1)

2.10.2 Maximum Number of Links in Tandem

(2)

2.10.3 Loudness Rating

(1)

2.10.4 Noise

(1)

2.10.5 Echo and Singing

(1)

2.10.6 Variation of Transmission Loss with Time

(1)

2.10.7 Attenuation Distortion

(1)

2.10.8 Group Delay (Phase Distortion)

(1)

2.10.9 Error in the Reconstituted Frequency

(1)

2.10.10 Crosstalk

(1)

2.10.11 One-Way Propagation Time

(2)

Review Exercises

(2)

References

(2)

Chapter 3 Multiplexing Techniques

(108)

3.1 Definition and Scope

(1)

3.2 Frequency Division Multiplex

(18)

3.2.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2.2 Mixing

(1)

3.2.3 The CCITT Modulation Plan

100

(5)

3.2.4 Loading of Multichannel FDM Systems

105

(5)

3.2.5 Pilot Tones

110

(1)

3.2.6 Noise and Noise Calculations

111

(2)

3.2.7 Compandors

113

(3)

3.3 Time Division Multiplex-PCM

116

(51)

3.3.1 What Is PCM?

116

(1)

3.3.2 Development of a PCM Signal

117

(19)

3.3.3 Operation of a PCM Codec (Channel Bank)

136

(2)

3.3.4 The Line Code

138

(2)

3.3.5 Signal-to-Gaussian-Noise Ratio on PCM Repeatered Lines

140

(1)

3.3.6 Regenerative Repeaters

141

(2)

3.3.7 Higher-Order PCM Multiplex Systems

143

(12)

3.3.8 Transmitting Data on PCM Links

155

(12)

3.4 Adaptive Differential PCM (ADPCM)

167

(3)

3.4.1 Introduction

167

(1)

3.4.2 Fixed-Rate ADPCM

167

(3)

3.5 Delta Modulation

170

(5)

3.5.1 Basic Delta Modulation (DM)

170

(3)

3.5.2 CVSD-A Subset of Delta Modulation

173

(2)

3.6 SONET and SDH

175

(24)

3.6.1 Introduction

175

(1)

3.6.2 SONET

175

(14)

3.6.3 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

189

(10)

Review Exercises

199

(3)

References

202

(3)

Chapter 4 Digital Networks

205

(58)

4.1 Scope and Rationale

205

(1)

4.2 Transmission Factors in PCM-Based Digital Networks

206

(23)

4.2.1 Introduction

206

(1)

4.2.2 Error Performance

207

(10)

4.2.3 Timing Jitter and Wander

217

(11)

4.2.4 Quantization Distortion as a Network Impairment

228

(1)

4.3 Network Synchronization

229

(11)

4.3.1 Introduction

229

(2)

4.3.2 The Network Switch-Responsible for Local Synchronization and Timing

231

(1)

4.3.3 Methods of Network Synchronization

232

(6)

4.3.4 CCITT/ITU-T Synchronization Plan

238

(2)

4.4 Digital Reference Signals and Processes

240

(3)

4.4.1 Digital Milliwatt

240

(1)

4.4.2 Digital Reference Signal

241

(1)

4.4.3 Digital Pads

241

(1)

4.4.4 North American Digital Transmission Conventions

242

(1)

4.5 Delay in Digital Networks

243

(3)

4.5.1 Delay Essentials

243

(1)

4.5.2 Estimating Delay

244

(1)

4.5.3 Delay from a Bellcore Perspective

245

(1)

4.6 Digital Subscriber Loop

246

(13)

4.6.1 Introduction

246

(2)

4.6.2 Generic Considerations for DLC Systems

248

(2)

4.6.3 High-Bit-Rate Digital Subscriber Line

250

(3)

4.6.4 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Lines

253

(6)

Review Exercises

259

(2)

References

261

(2)

Chapter 5 Line of Sight Microwave

263

(146)

5.1 Introduction

263

(1)

5.1.1 Definition

264

(1)

5.2 Link Engineering

264

(2)

5.3 Propagation

266

(13)

5.3.1 Free-Space Loss (Spreading Loss)

266

(1)

5.3.2 Bending of a Radio Wave Ray Beam above 100 MHz from Straight-Line Propagation

267

(3)

5.3.3 Fresnel Zone Clearance

270

(2)

5.3.4 Path Profiling-Practical Application

272

(4)

5.3.5 Reflection Point

276

(1)

5.3.6 Penalty for Not Meeting Obstacle Clearance Criteria

276

(2)

5.3.7 Attenuation Through Vegetation

278

(1)

5.4 Path Calculations (Link Budget)

279

(30)

5.4.1 General

279

(1)

5.4.2 Basic Path Calculations

279

(10)

5.4.3 The Mechanisms of Fading-An Introductory Discussion

289

(1)

5.4.4 Methods of Estimating Fade Margin for Analog Microwave Links

290

(3)

5.4.5 Diversity Operation

293

(6)

5.4.6 Repeaters for Analog LOS Microwave Systems

299

(2)

5.4.7 Wideband FM Radio Noise Considerations

301

(8)

5.5 Digital Line-of-Sight Microwave

309

(27)

5.5.1 Definition and Scope

309

(1)

5.5.2 Applications

310

(1)

5.5.3 Basic Digital Radio and Link Design Considerations

310

(11)

5.5.4 Performance of Typical M-QAM Waveforms

321

(8)

5.5.5 Fading and Fade Margins on Digital LOS Microwave Links

329

(7)

5.6 Forward Error Correction (FEC)

336

(30)

5.6.1 Objective and Background

336

(2)

5.6.2 Basic Forward Error Correction

338

(3)

5.6.3 FEC Codes

341

(6)

5.6.4 Binary Convolutional Codes

347

(8)

5.6.5 Channel Performance of Uncoded and Coded Systems

355

(5)

5.6.6 Coding with Bursty Errors

360

(6)

5.7 Link Calculations for Digital LOS Microwave Systems

366

(5)

5.7.1 Review of E(b)/N(o)

366

(3)

5.7.2 Link Calculation Procedures

369

(2)

5.8 Digital LOS Microwave Terminal Systems

371

(9)

5.8.1 Transmitter/Receiver Subsystem

371

(3)

5.8.2 The Antenna Subsystem

374

(6)

5.9 System and Link Propagation Reliability (Time Availability)

380

(2)

5.10 Hot-Standby Operation

382

(4)

5.11 Service Channels

386

(1)

5.12 Alarm and Supervisory Subsystems

387

(3)

5.12.1 Transmission of Fault Information

388

(1)

5.12.2 Remote Control

389

(1)

5.13 Frequency Planning and the Interference Problem

390

(3)

5.13.1 General

390

(1)

5.13.2 Spurious Emission

391

(1)

5.13.3 Radio Frequency Interference (RFI)

391

(1)

5.13.4 Overshoot

392

(1)

5.13.5 Transmit-Receive Separation

392

(1)

5.13.6 Basis of Frequency Assignment

393

(1)

5.13.7 IF Interference

393

(1)

5.14 Antenna Towers and Masts

393

(4)

5.14.1 General

393

(1)

5.14.2 Tower Twist and Sway

394

(3)

5.15 Plane Reflectors as Passive Repeaters

397

(4)

Review Exercises

401

(3)

References

404

(5)

Chapter 6 Beyond Line-of-Sight: Tropospheric Scatter and Diffraction Links

409

(32)

6.1 Introduction

409

(1)

6.2 The Phenomenon of Tropospheric Scatter

410

(1)

6.3 Tropospheric Scatter Fading

411

(1)

6.4 Path Loss Calculations

412

(11)

6.4.1 Mode of Propagation

413

(1)

6.4.2 Basic Long-Term Tropospheric Scatter Loss

413

(1)

6.4.3 Attenuation Function

414

(3)

6.4.4 Basic Median Transmission Loss

417

(2)

6.4.5 The 50% Service Probability Case

419

(1)

6.4.6 Improving Service Probability

420

(2)

6.4.7 Example Problem

422

(1)

6.5 Aperture-to-Medium Coupling Loss

423

(2)

6.6 Takeoff Angle

425

(2)

6.7 Other Siting Considerations

427

(1)

6.7.1 Antenna Height

427

(1)

6.7.2 Distance to the Radio Horizon

427

(1)

6.7.3 Other Issues

428

(1)

6.8 Path Calculations

428

(2)

6.8.1 Basis

428

(1)

6.8.2 Overview of Procedure

428

(2)

6.9 Tropo Scatter/Diffraction Operational Frequency Bands

430

(1)

6.10 Antennas, Transmission Lines, Duplexers, and Other Related Transmission Line Devices

430

(4)

6.10.1 Antennas

430

(3)

6.10.2 Transmission Lines

433

(1)

6.10.3 The Duplexer

433

(1)

6.11 Isolation

434

(1)

6.12 Overcoming Dispersion -- Another Approach

434

(3)

6.12.1 Introduction

434

(1)

6.12.2 Overcoming Dispersion by Gated Pulses

435

(2)

Review Exercises

437

(1)

References

438

(3)

Chapter 7 Satellite Communications

441

(100)

7.1 Background and Introduction

441

(2)

7.2 An Introduction to Satellite Communication

443

(3)

7.2.1 Two Broad Categories of Communication Satellites

443

(1)

7.2.2 Satellite Orbits

443

(2)

7.2.3 Elevation Angle Definition

445

(1)

7.2.4 Calculation of Azimuth, Elevation, and Range of a Geostationary Satellite

445

(1)

7.3 Frequency Bands Available for Satellite Communications

446

(1)

7.4 Link Design Procedures-The Link Budget

447

(26)

7.4.1 Introduction

447

(1)

7.4.2 Path Loss or Free-Space Loss

448

(1)

7.4.3 Isotropic Receive Level-Simplified Model

449

(1)

7.4.4 Limitation of Flux Density on the Earth's Surface

449

(1)

7.4.5 Thermal Noise Aspects of the Low-Noise Systems

450

(3)

7.4.6 Calculation of C/N(0)

453

(2)

7.4.7 Gain-to-Noise Temperature Ratio G/T

455

(8)

7.4.8 Calculation of C/N(0) Using the Link Budget Technique

463

(5)

7.4.9 Calculating S/N--FM Analog Service

468

(4)

7.4.10 System Performance Parameters

472

(1)

7.5 Access Techniques

473

(10)

7.5.1 Introduction

473

(1)

7.5.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

474

(8)

7.5.3 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

482

(1)

7.6 Digital Operation on a Bent Pipe Satellite

483

(11)

7.6.1 Digital Advantages

483

(1)

7.6.2 Digital Operation of a Bent Pipe Satellite

483

(1)

7.6.3 Digital FMDA Operation

484

(5)

7.6.4 TDMA Operation on a Bent Pipe Satellite

489

(5)

7.7 Processing Satellites

494

(7)

7.7.1 Primitive Processing Satellite

494

(2)

7.7.2 Switched-Satellite TDMA (SS/TDMA)

496

(3)

7.7.3 IF Switching

499

(1)

7.7.4 Intersatellite Links

500

(1)

7.8 Link Budgets for Digital Satellites

501

(4)

7.9 VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal)

505

(9)

7.9.1 Definitions of VSAT

505

(1)

7.9.2 VSAT Network Applications

506

(2)

7.9.3 Technical Description of VSAT Networks

508

(1)

7.9.4 VSAT Access Techniques

509

(5)

7.10 Interference Issue with VSATs

514

(3)

7.11 INTELSAT Interfaces and Standards

517

(5)

7.11.1 Introduction

517

(1)

7.11.2 Standard A Antenna and Wideband RF Performance Characteristics

517

(2)

7.11.3 Standard B Antenna and Wideband RF Performance Characteristics

519

(1)

7.11.4 Standard C Antenna and Wideband RF Performance Characteristics

519

(1)

7.11.5 Standard D Antenna and Wideband RF Performance Characteristics

519

(1)

7.11.6 Standard E Antenna and Wideband RF Performance Characteristics

520

(2)

7.11.7 Standard F Antenna and Wideband RF Performance Characteristics

522

(1)

7.12 Satellite Earth Stations (Terminal Segment)

522

(12)

7.12.1 Functional Operational of a Standard Earth Station

522

(10)

7.12.2 VSAT System Terminals

532

(2)

Review Exercises

534

(4)

References

538

(3)

Chapter 8 Radio System Design Above 10 GHz

541

(38)

8.1 The Problem--An Introduction

541

(1)

8.2 The General Propagation Problem Above 10 GHz

542

(3)

8.3 Rainfall Loss

545

(17)

8.3.1 Basic Rainfall Considerations

545

(2)

8.3.2 Calculation of Excess Path Attenuation Due to Rainfall for LOS Paths

547

(10)

8.3.3 Calculation of Excess Attenuation Due to Rainfall for Satellite Paths

557

(3)

8.3.4 Utilization of Path Diversity to Achieve Performance Objectives

560

(2)

8.4 Excess Attenuation Due to Atmospheric Gases on Satellite Links

562

(5)

8.4.1 Example Calculation of Clear-Air Attenuation-Hypothetical Location

564

(3)

8.4.2 Conversion of Relative Humidity to Water-Vapor Density

567

(1)

8.5 Attenuation Due to Clouds and Fog

567

(2)

8.6 Calculation of Sky Noise Temperature as a Function of Attenuation

569

(1)

8.7 The Sun as a Noise Generator

570

(2)

8.8 Propagation Effects with a Low Elevation Angle

572

(3)

8.8.1 Defocusing Loss

573

(1)

8.8.2 Decrease in Antenna Gain Due to Wavefront Incoherence

573

(1)

8.8.3 Scintillation

574

(1)

8.8.4 Cross-Polarization Effects

575

(1)

Review Exercises

575

(2)

References

577

(2)

Chapter 9 High-Frequency Radio

579

(100)

9.1 General

579

(1)

9.2 Applications of HF Radio Communication

579

(1)

9.3 Composition of Typical HF Terminals

580

(6)

9.3.1 Basic Equipment

580

(2)

9.3.2 Basic Single-Sideband (SSB) Operation

582

(1)

9.3.3 SSB System Considerations

583

(1)

9.3.4 Linear Power Amplifiers

584

(2)

9.3.5 HF Configuration Notes

586

(1)

9.3.6 HF Link Operation

586

(1)

9.4 Basic HF Propagation

586

(5)

9.4.1 Introduction

586

(2)

9.4.2 Skywave Transmission

588

(3)

9.5 Choice of Optimum Operating Frequency

591

(17)

9.5.1 Frequency Management

598

(10)

9.6 Propagation Modes

608

(6)

9.6.1 Basic Groundwave Propagation

608

(1)

9.6.2 Skywave Propagation

608

(5)

9.6.3 Near-Vertical Incidence (NVI) Propagation

613

(1)

9.6.4 Reciprocal Reception

613

(1)

9.7 HF Communication Impairments

614

(8)

9.7.1 Introduction

614

(4)

9.7.2 Fading

618

(1)

9.7.3 The Effects of Impairments at the HF Receiver

619

(3)

9.8 Mitigation of Propagation-Related Impairments

622

(1)

9.9 HF Impairments-Noise in the Receiving System

623

(13)

9.9.1 Introduction

623

(1)

9.9.2 Interference

623

(4)

9.9.3 Atmospheric Noise

627

(6)

9.9.4 Man-Made Noise

633

(2)

9.9.5 Receiver Thermal Noise

635

(1)

9.10 Notes on HF Link Transmission Loss Calculations

636

(15)

9.10.1 Introduction

636

(1)

9.10.2 Transmission Loss Components

636

(9)

9.10.3 A Simplified Example of Transmission Loss Calculation

645

(1)

9.10.4 Groundwave Transmission Loss

646

(5)

9.11 Link Analysis for Equipment Dimensioning

651

(2)

9.11.1 Introduction

651

(1)

9.11.2 Methodology

651

(2)

9.12 Some Advanced Modulation and Coding Schemes

653

(7)

9.12.1 Two Approaches

653

(1)

9.12.2 Parallel Tone Operation

654

(3)

9.12.3 Serial Tone Approaches

657

(3)

9.13 Improved Lincompex for HF Radio Telephone Circuits

660

(1)

9.14 HF Antennas

661

(9)

9.14.1 Introduction

661

(2)

9.14.2 Antenna Parameters

663

(7)

9.15 Reference Fields -- Theoretical References

670

(2)

9.16 Conversion of Radio-Frequency (RF) Field Strength to Power

672

(1)

Review Exercises

673

(3)

References

676

(3)

Chapter 10 Meteor Burst Communication

679

(32)

10.1 Introduction

679

(1)

10.2 Meteor Trails

680

(5)

10.2.1 General

680

(1)

10.2.2 Distribution of Meteors

681

(1)

10.2.3 Underdense Trails

682

(1)

10.2.4 Overdense Trails

683

(2)

10.3 Typical Meteor Burst Terminals and Their Operation

685

(2)

10.4 System Design Parameters

687

(2)

10.4.1 Introduction

687

(1)

10.4.2 Operating Frequency

687

(1)

10.4.3 Data Rate

688

(1)

10.4.4 Transmit Power

688

(1)

10.4.5 Antenna Gain

688

(1)

10.4.6 Receiver Threshold

688

(1)

10.5 Prediction of MBC Link Performance

689

(12)

10.5.1 Introduction

689

(1)

10.5.2 Receiver Threshold

689

(1)

10.5.3 Positions of Regions of Optimum Scatter

690

(1)

10.5.4 Effective Length, Average Height, and Radius of Meteor Trails

690

(2)

10.5.5 Ambipolar Diffusion Constant

692

(1)

10.5.6 Received Power

693

(2)

10.5.7 Meteor Rate

695

(4)

10.5.8 Burst Time Duration

699

(1)

10.5.9 Burst Rate Correction Factor

699

(1)

10.5.10 Waiting Time Probability

700

(1)

10.6 Design/Performance Prediction Procedure

701

(4)

10.7 Notes on MBC Transmission Loss

705

(2)

10.8 MBC Circuit Optimization

707

(1)

10.9 Meteor Burst Networks

707

(1)

Review Exercises

707

(2)

References

709

(2)

Chapter 11 Fiber Optic Communication Links

711

(52)

11.1 Overview

711

(2)

11.2 Introduction to Optical Fiber as a Transmission Medium

713

(2)

11.3 Types of Fiber

715

(8)

11.3.1 Causes of Attenuation in Optical Fiber

716

(2)

11.3.2 Fiber Strength

718

(1)

11.3.3 Dispersion in Optical Fiber Transmission

718

(4)

11.3.4 Notes on Monomode Transmission

722

(1)

11.4 Splices and Connectors

723

(1)

11.5 Light Sources

723

(5)

11.6 Light Detectors

728

(6)

11.7 Optical Amplifiers

734

(2)

11.7.1 Semiconductor Laser Amplifiers

735

(1)

11.7.2 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EFDAs)

735

(1)

11.8 Modulation and Electrical Waveform

736

(5)

11.9 System Design

741

(6)

11.9.1 General Application

741

(1)

11.9.2 Design Procedure

742

(1)

11.9.3 General Approach

743

(3)

11.9.4 Dispersion-Limited Domain and System Bandwidth

746

(1)

11.10 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)

747

(4)

11.10.1 Methods of Wave Division Multiplexing

749

(1)

11.10.2 WDM Impairements

750

(1)

11.11 Solitons

751

(2)

11.12 Notes on Outside Plant Installation

753

(6)

11.12.1 System Gain

753

(1)

11.12.2 Comments on Outside Plant (OSP) Loss

753

(2)

11.12.3 Planning an Installation

755

(4)

Review Exercises

759

(2)

References

761

(2)

Chapter 12 Cellular Radio and PCS

763

(72)

12.1 Introduction

763

(3)

12.1.1 Background

764

(1)

12.1.2 Scope and Objective

765

(1)

12.2 Some Basic Concepts of Cellular Radio

766

(4)

12.2.1 N-AMPS Increases Channel Capacity Threefold

770

(1)

12.3 Radio Propagation in the Mobile Environment

770

(3)

12.3.1 The Propagation Problem

770

(1)

12.3.2 Several Propagation Models

771

(2)

12.3.3 Microcell Prediction Model According to Lee

773

(3)

12.4 Impairments-Fading in the Mobile Environment

776

(6)

12.4.1 Introduction

776

(1)

12.4.2 Classification of Fading

777

(3)

12.4.3 Diversity-A Technique to Mitigate the Effects of Fading and Dispersion

780

(2)

12.4.4 Cellular Radio Path Calculations

782

(1)

12.5 The Cellular Radio Bandwidth Dilemma

782

(2)

12.5.1 Background and Objectives

783

(1)

12.5.2 Bit Rate Reduction of the Digital Voice Channel

783

(1)

12.6 Network Access Techniques

784

(13)

12.6.1 Introduction

784

(1)

12.6.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

784

(1)

12.6.3 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

785

(4)

12.6.4 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

789

(8)

12.7 Frequency Reuse

797

(2)

12.8 Paging Systems

799

(4)

12.8.1 What Are Paging Systems

799

(1)

12.8.2 Radio-Frequency Bands for Pagers

800

(1)

12.8.3 Radio Propagation into Buildings

800

(1)

12.8.4 Techniques Available for Multiple Transmitter Zones

800

(1)

12.8.5 Paging Receivers

801

(1)

12.8.6 System Capacity

801

(1)

12.8.7 Codes and Formats for Paging Systems

802

(1)

12.8.8 Considerations for Selecting Codes and Formats

802

(1)

12.9 Personal Communications Services (PCS)

803

(5)

12.9.1 Defining Personal Communications

803

(1)

12.9.2 Narrowband Microcell Propagation at PCS Distances

804

(4)

12.10 Cordless Telephone Technology

808

(3)

12.10.1 Background

808

(1)

12.10.2 North American Cordless Telephones

808

(1)

12.10.3 European Cordless Telephones

808

(3)

12.11 Wireless LANs

811

(1)

12.12 Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunications Systems (FPLMTS)

811

(6)

12.12.1 Introduction

811

(1)

12.12.2 Traffic Estimates

811

(3)

12.12.3 Estimates of Spectrum Requirements

814

(2)

12.12.4 Sharing Considerations

816

(1)

12.12.5 Sharing Between FPLMTS and Other Services

816

(1)

12.13 Mobile Satellite Communications

817

(12)

12.13.1 Background and Scope

817

(1)

12.13.2 Overview of Satellite Mobile Services

817

(2)

12.13.3 System Trends

819

(1)

12.13.4 IRIDIUM

819

(10)

Review Exercises

829

(3)

References

832

(3)

Chapter 13 The Transmission of Digital Data

835

(138)

13.1 Introduction

835

(1)

13.2 The Bit and Binary Convention

836

(1)

13.3 Coding

837

(8)

13.3.1 Introduction to Binary Coding Techniques

837

(1)

13.3.2 Some Specific Binary Codes for Information Interchange

838

(5)

13.3.3 Hexadecimal Representations and the BCD Code

843

(2)

13.4 Error Detection and Error Correction

845

(7)

13.4.1 Introduction

845

(1)

13.4.2 Throughput

846

(1)

13.4.3 The Nature of Errors

846

(1)

13.4.4 Error Detection and Error Correction Defined

846

(5)

13.4.5 Error Performance

851

(1)

13.5 The dc Nature of Data Transmission

852

(3)

13.5.1 Loops

852

(1)

13.5.2 Neutral and Polar dc Transmission Systems

853

(1)

13.5.3 Some Common Digital Data Waveforms or Line Signals

853

(2)

13.6 Binary Transmission and the Concept of Time

855

(6)

13.6.1 Introduction

855

(1)

13.6.2 Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission

856

(2)

13.6.3 Timing

858

(1)

13.6.4 Distortion

859

(2)

13.7 Data Interface

861

(19)

13.7.1 Introduction

861

(1)

13.7.2 Initial Considerations for Data Network Access and Control Procedure

862

(1)

13.7.3 Protocols

863

(9)

13.7.4 Interfacing the Physical Layer

872

(8)

13.8 Digital Data Transmission on an Analog Channel

880

(12)

13.8.1 Introduction

880

(1)

13.8.2 Modulation-Demodulation Schemes

880

(2)

13.8.3 Critical Parameters

882

(8)

13.8.4 Special-Quality International Leased Circuits

890

(2)

13.9 Channel Capacity

892

(2)

13.10 Voice Channel Data Modems Versus Critical Design Parameters

894

(2)

13.11 Equalization

896

(2)

13.12 Practical Modem Applications

898

(26)

13.12.1 Voice Frequency Carrier Telegraph

898

(1)

13.12.2 Medium-Data-Rate Modems

899

(12)

13.12.3 Notes on Trellis-Coded Modulation (TCM)

911

(3)

13.12.4 Data Rate at 28, 800 bps-The V.34 Modem

914

(10)

13.13 Data Transmission on the Digital Network

924

(1)

13.14 Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN)

925

(15)

13.14.1 Introduction

925

(1)

13.14.2 ISDN User Channels

925

(1)

13.14.3 Basic and Primary Rate User Interfaces

926

(1)

13.14.4 User Access and Interface

927

(2)

13.14.5 Layer-1 Interface: Basic Rate

929

(3)

13.14.6 Layer-1 Interface: Primary Rate

932

(3)

13.14.7 BRI Differences in the United States

935

(4)

13.14.8 National ISDN 1, 2 and 3

939

(1)

13.15 An Overview of ATM and Its Transmission Considerations

940

(20)

13.15.1 Introduction

940

(1)

13.15.2 User-Network Interface (UNI) Configuration and Architecture

941

(3)

13.15.3 The ATM Cell-Key to Operation

944

(6)

13.15.4 Cell Delineation and Scrambling

950

(3)

13.15.5 Quality of Service (QoS)

953

(2)

13.15.6 Transporting ATM Cells

955

(5)

13.16 Data Transmission on Twisted Wire Pair

960

(3)

13.16.1 Introduction

960

(1)

13.16.2 Characteristics of a Wire Pair

961

(1)

13.16.3 Categories of Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

961

(1)

13.16.4 General Characteristics of Specified UTP

962

(1)

13.16.5 UTP Transmission Characteristics

962

(1)

Review Exercises

963

(5)

References

968

(5)

Chapter 14 Community Antenna Television (Cable Television)

973

(54)

14.1 Objective and Scope

973

(1)

14.2 The Evolution of CATV

973

(3)

14.2.1 The Beginnings

973

(2)

14.2.2 Early System Layouts

975

(1)

14.3 System Impairments and Performance Measures

976

(10)

14.3.1 Overview

976

(1)

14.3.2 dBmV and Its Applications

977

(1)

14.3.3 Thermal Noise in CATV Systems

977

(1)

14.3.4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (S/N) Versus Carrier-to-Noise Ratio (C/N) in CATV Systems

978

(4)

14.3.5 The Problem of Cross-Modulation (Xm)

982

(1)

14.3.6 Gain and Levels for CATV Amplifiers

983

(1)

14.3.7 The Underlying Coaxial Cable System

984

(1)

14.3.8 Taps

985

(1)

14.4 Hybrid Fiber-Coax (HFC) Systems

986

(7)

14.4.1 Design of the Fiber Optic Portion of HFC System

987

(6)

14.5 Digital Transmission of CATV

993

(3)

14.5.1 Approaches

993

(1)

14.5.2 Transmission of Uncompressed Video on CATV Trunks

993

(1)

14.5.3 Compressed Video

994

(2)

14.6 Two-Way CATV Systems

996

(3)

14.6.1 Introduction

996

(2)

14.6.2 Impairments Peculiar to Upstream Service

998

(1)

14.7 Two-Way Voice and Data Over CATV Systems According to IEEE 802.14 Committee Standard

999

(24)

14.7.1 General

999

(1)

14.7.2 Overview of the Media Access Control (MAC)

1000

(1)

14.7.3 Overview of the Physical Layer (PHY)

1001

(1)

14.7.4 Other General Information

1002

(1)

14.7.5 Media Access Control

1002

(6)

14.7.6 Downstream Operation

1008

(5)

14.7.7 Physical Layer Description for CATV HFC Networks

1013

(5)

14.7.8 Upstream Physical Layer Specification

1018

(5)

Review Exercises

1023

(3)

References

1026

(1)

Chapter 15 Video Transmission: Television

1027

(70)

15.1 Introduction

1027

(1)

15.2 An Appreciation of Video Transmission

1028

(3)

15.2.1 Additional Definitions

1031

(1)

15.3 The Composite Signal

1031

(3)

15.4 Critical Video Transmission Impairments

1034

(1)

15.5 Critical Video Parameters

1034

(7)

15.5.1 General

1034

(1)

15.5.2 Transmission Standard-Level

1034

(4)

15.5.3 Other Parameters

1038

(3)

15.6 Video Transmission Standards (Criteria for Broadcasting)

1041

(5)

15.6.1 Basic Standards

1041

(1)

15.6.2 National Standards

1041

(1)

15.6.3 Color Transmission

1041

(2)

15.6.4 Standardized Transmission Parameters (Point-to-Point TV)

1043

(3)

15.7 Methods of Program Channel Transmission for Television

1046

(1)

15.8 Transmission of Video Over Radiolinks

1046

(6)

15.8.1 General

1046

(4)

15.8.2 Bandwidth of the Baseband and Baseband Response

1050

(1)

15.8.3 Preemphasis

1051

(1)

15.8.4 Differential Gain

1051

(1)

15.8.5 Differential Phase

1051

(1)

15.8.6 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (10 kHz to 5 MHz)

1052

(1)

15.8.7 Radiolink Continuity Pilot

1052

(1)

15.9 TV Transmission by Satellite Relay

1052

(2)

15.10 Basic Tests for Video Quality

1054

(3)

15.10.1 Window Signal

1054

(1)

15.10.2 Sine-Squared Test Signal

1054

(1)

15.10.3 Multiburst

1055

(1)

15.10.4 Stair Steps

1055

(1)

15.10.5 Vertical Interval Test Signals (VITS)

1056

(1)

15.10.6 Test Patterns

1056

(1)

15.10.7 Color Pairs

1057

(1)

15.11 Digital Television

1057

(23)

15.11.1 Introduction

1057

(1)

15.11.2 Basic Digital Television

1057

(2)

15.11.3 Bit Rate Reduction-Compression Techniques

1059

(2)

15.11.4 MPEG-2 Compression and Related Standards

1061

(19)

15.12 Conference Television

1080

(5)

15.12.1 Introduction

1080

(1)

15.12.2 The px64-kbps Codec

1081

(4)

15.13 Frame Structure for a 64-1920-kbps Channel Transport for Video Conferencing

1085

(7)

15.13.1 Objective

1085

(1)

15.13.2 Basic Principle

1085

(2)

15.13.3 Frame Alignment Signal (FAS)

1087

(1)

15.13.4 Bit Rate Allocation Signal (BAS)

1088

(1)

15.13.5 Encryption Control Signal (ECS)

1088

(1)

15.13.6 Frame Alignment

1089

(1)

15.13.7 Multiframe Structure

1089

(2)

15.13.8 Loss and Recovery of Frame Alignment

1091

(1)

15.13.9 Search for Frame Alignment Signal (FAS)

1092

(1)

Review Exercises

1092

(3)

References

1095

(2)

Chapter 16 Facsimile Communication

1097

(42)

16.1 Introduction

1097

(1)

16.2 Basic Facsimile Operation

1097

(5)

16.2.1 General

1097

(2)

16.2.2 Scanning

1099

(1)

16.2.3 Recording/Printing

1100

(2)

16.3 Fundamental System Interface and Operation

1102

(10)

16..3.1 General

1102

(1)

16.3.2 Phasing and Synchronization

1102

(1)

16.3.3 Automatic Facsimile Operation Based on ITU-T Rec. T.30

1102

(10)

16.4 Digital Transmission of Facsimile

1112

(5)

16.4.1 Introduction

1112

(1)

16.4.2 Equipment Dimensions-DIN A4

1112

(1)

16.4.3 Transmission Time per Total Coded Scan Line

1112

(2)

16.4.4 Coding Scheme

1114

(3)

16.5 Facsimile Coding Schemes and Coding Control Functions for Group 4 Facsimile Equipment

1117

(4)

16.5.1 Introduction

1117

(1)

16.5.2 Basic Coding Scheme

1117

(2)

16.5.3 Coding Procedure

1119

(2)

16.6 Military Digital Facsimile Systems

1121

(3)

16.6.1 Definitions

1121

(1)

16.6.2 Technical Requirements for Type I and Type II Facsimile Equipment

1122

(1)

16.6.3 Image Coding Schemes

1123

(1)

16.7 Digital Compression and Coding of Continuous-Tone Still Images-JPEG

1124

(12)

16.7.1 Introduction

1124

(2)

16.7.2 Lossy and Lossless Compression

1126

(1)

16.7.3 DCT-Based Coding

1126

(2)

16.7.4 Lossless Coding

1128

(1)

16.7.5 Modes of Operation

1129

(2)

16.7.6 Entropy Coding Alternatives

1131

(1)

16.7.7 Sample Precision

1132

(1)

16.7.8 Multiple-Component Control

1132

(1)

16.7.9 Structure of Compressed Data

1133

(1)

16.7.10 Image, Frame, and Scan

1134

(1)

16.7.11 Summary of Coding Processes

1135

(1)

Review Exercises

1136

(1)

References

1137

(2)

Appendix A Acronyms

1139

(16)

Index

1155

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Telecommunications Transmission Handbook

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials