Textile Dyes and Pigments A Green Chemistry Approach

The book covers the best possible innovation and advancement in dyes and pigments for application in textile materials.

Green chemistry can be applied across the life cycle of a chemical-intensive product, including its design, manufacture, use, and ultimate disposal. Innovations to green approaches are required either by developing a whole new set of eco-friendly dyes and pigments or by developing and designing unique dyeing methods.

Textile Dyes and Pigments: A Green Chemistry Approach is a response to the many industries currently using conventional textile dyeing and pigmentation methods that are looking for sustainable green chemical options. It describes the various organic and inorganic color pigments and recent developments in vat, reactive, disperse, acid, and azo dyes and their importance in the field of green chemistry. It also covers the various challenges, opportunities, approaches, techniques, marketing, and alternative procedures/sustainable routes involved in developing textile dyes and pigments with green practices. Moreover, the book addresses the structure, process, and the nitty-gritty of modern dyes and pigments in the textile and garment sectors.

Audience

The book will be of prime interest to researchers and industry manufacturers and engineers in dyes, pigments, textile processing technology, fiber technology, and textile chemistry. It will also be an invaluable reference guide to new scholars and industry personnel who wish to learn about green dyes and pigments and their relevant application processes.

Pintu Pandit is an assistant professor in the Textile Design Department at the National Institute of Fashion Technology under the Ministry of Textiles, Govt. of India, Patna campus. He is a PhD (Tech.) and M.Tech. in Fibers and Textile Processing Technology from the Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India.  He has published many research articles in SCI journals as well as edited 4 books with the Wiley-Scrivener imprint.

Kunal Singha is an assistant professor in the Department of Textile Design at National Institute of Fashion Technology, Patna, India. He received M.Tech in fiber science and engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi and his PhD in supply and manufacturing chain & marketing from the Indian Institute Kharagpur.  

Subhankar Maity is an assistant professor in the Department of Textile Technology in Uttar Pradesh Textile Technology Institute, Kanpur, India. His PhD was on textile technology and he has more than 10 years of industrial, teaching and research experience.

Shakeel Ahmed is an assistant professor in chemistry at the Higher Education Department, Government of Jammu and Kashmir, India. He obtained his PhD in the area of biopolymers and bionanaocomposites from Jamia Millia Islamia in the year 2016 and has published several research publications in the area of green nanomaterials and biopolymers for various applications including biomedical, packaging, sensors and water treatment.

Preface xxiii

1 Introduction to Advancement in Textile Dyes and Pigments 1
Pintu Pandit, Kunal Singha and Subhankar Maity

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Classification of Dyes 2

1.3 Advancement in Wet Processing Technology 5

1.4 Conclusions 14

References 15

2 Reactive Dye and Its Advancements 17
Sankar Roy Maulik, Ahana Bhattacharya, Partha Pratim Roy and Kausik Maiti

2.1 Introduction 17

2.2 Reactive Dyes—Classification 19

2.3 Methods of Application 24

2.4 Stripping of Reactive Dyes 26

2.5 Reactive Dyeing Process 26

2.6 Some Commercially Available Reactive Dyes 31

2.7 Reactive Dyes on Silk 37

2.8 Development of Reactive Dyes and Dyeing Process 38

2.9 Conclusion 41

Acknowledgment 42

References 42

3 Gravimetric Analysis, Kinetic Study and Optimization of Salt and Alkali in Reactive Dyeing 45
Anjum Ahmad, S.R. Shukla, Pintu Pandit and Saptarshi Maiti

3.1 Introduction 45

3.2 Materials and Methods 49

3.3 Results and Discussion 51

3.4 Conclusions 73

References 73

4 Applications of Chromic Dyes: Examples of Pressure-Sensitive Paint (PSP) and Dyes 75
Kunal Singha, Pintu Pandit, Subhankar Maity and Saptarshi Maiti

4.1 Introduction 75

4.2 Pressure-Sensitive Paint (PSP)—As Chromic Dye and Pigment Materials 76

4.3 PSP Luminance Material Optical Intensity Characterization 82

4.4 Basic Elements in PSP Setup 82

4.5 Advantage of PSP 84

4.6 Limitation of PSP 84

4.7 Conclusions 85

References 85

5 Vat Dye and Its Evolution in Dyeing 87
Sankar Roy Maulik, Deepasree Chakraborty, Manisha Mohanty and Chaitali Debnath

5.1 Introduction 87

5.2 Properties 88

5.3 Classification 88

5.4 Physical Form 93

5.5 Principle of Dyeing 93

5.6 Methods of Application 96

5.7 Stripping of Vat-Dyed Materials 100

5.8 Defects in Dyeing 100

5.9 Ecofriendly Reducing Agent 100

5.10 Conclusion 103

Acknowledgment 103

References 103

6 Advancement in Indigo Dyeing 107
Sankar Roy Maulik and Pintu Pandit

6.1 Introduction 107

6.2 Dyeing With Natural Indigo 110

6.3 Batik Work and Tie-Dye with Natural Indigo 111

6.4 Different Ecofriendly Reducing Agent 112

6.5 Chemical Properties and Dyeing 113

6.6 Indigo Denim 114

6.7 Method of Indigo Dyeing 114

6.8 Indigo Recovery and Reuse 117

6.9 Yellowing or Ozone Fading 118

6.10 Factors Affecting Indigo Destructions and Prevention of Yellowing 119

6.11 Conclusion 119

References 120

7 Advancement in Denim Dyeing 123
Sukumar Roy and Syamal Maiti

7.1 Introduction 123

7.2 Evaluation of Indigo Dyeing Technology for Denim 124

7.3 Chemical Vats 124

7.4 Modern Methods 125

7.5 Techniques of Denim Dyeing 125

7.6 Continuous Dyeing Techniques 126

7.7 Dyeing of Denim Garments 128

7.8 Garment Dyeing Process 129

7.9 Preparation of Garment Dyeing 129

7.10 Selection of Colorants for Garment Dyeing 130

7.11 After Treatments for Garment Dyed Fabrics 131

7.12 Garment Dyeing Machinery 131

7.13 Advances in Garment Dyeing 132

7.14 Conclusion 134

References 134

8 Ecofriendly Single-Bath Acid Dyeing and Multifunctional Finishing of Silk Fabric Using Coconut Shell Extract 137
Pintu Pandit and M. D. Teli

8.1 Introduction 137

8.2 Materials and Methods 138

8.3 Results and Discussion 141

8.4 Conclusions 158

References 159

9 Growths and Advancement of Disperse Dyes in Recent Years 161
Laimayum Jogeeta Devi, Oinam Roselyn Devi and Pintu Pandit

9.1 Introduction 161

9.2 Disperse Dyes 162

9.3 Application of Disperse Dyes in Polyester 165

9.4 Thermosol Process 167

9.5 Recent Advances in the Application of Disperse Dyes on Polyester 168

9.6 Toxicity of Disperse Dyes 170

9.7 Recent Development in Disperse Dye 170

9.8 Development of Nano Disperse Dye 172

9.9 Conclusions 173

References 173

10 Decolorization of C.I. Disperse Orange-25 Dye From Aqueous Solution by Using Modified Biopolymer: Adsorption Equilibrium, Kinetics, and Thermodynamics 177
Tejasvi Potdar, Vikrant Gorade and Ravindra D. Kale

10.1 Introduction 177

10.2 Materials and Methods 179

10.3 Results and Discussions 182

10.4 Conclusion 193

Acknowledgments 193

References 193

11 Ecofriendly Coloration of Polyester by Dispersant-Free Disperse Dyes 197
Chet Ram Meena

11.1 Introduction 197

11.2 Necessity of Ecofriendly Chemicals/Auxiliaries 198

11.3 Ecofriendly Practices in Textile Processing 199

11.4 Dyes and Their Limitations 201

11.5 Scopes for Development in Disperse Dyes 202

11.6 Chromophoric Systems of Disperse Dyes 204

11.7 Dispersing Agents 207

11.8 Dispersant-Free Disperse Dyes 209

11.9 Innovations in Coloration Techniques of Disperse Dye 212

11.10 Microencapsulated Dyeing 213

11.11 Electro Powder Spraying Process 213

11.12 Microemulsion Dyeing 214

11.13 Synthesis of Dispersant-Free Disperse Dye 214

11.14 Characterization of Synthesized Dyes 216

11.15 Dyeing of Polyester with Synthesized Dyes 217

11.16 Conclusions 221

References 222

12 Advances in the Thiazole Backbone—Classification, Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Azo Dyes 225
Zahir Ali Siddiqui, Babita Chaudhary, Srishti Tewari, Nagaiyan Sekar and Sandeep More

12.1 Introduction 225

12.2 Classification of the Thiazole-Based Azo Dyes 227

12.3 Synthetic Routes for the Synthesis of Thiazole-Based Azo Dyes 228

12.4 Classification of the Thiazole-Based Dyes 229

12.5 Conclusions 245

References 246

13 Simultaneous Azoic Dyeing and Multifunctional Finishing of Cotton Fabric 249
Pintu Pandit, M.D. Teli and Pravin P. Chavan

13.1 Introduction 249

13.2 Materials and Methods 251

13.3 Results and Discussion 254

13.4 Conclusion 264

References 264

14 Functional Aspects of Natural Dyes 267
Seiko Jose, Sabu Thomas, Anuradha Sankaran and Kumari Medha

14.1 Introduction 267

14.2 Antimicrobial Activities of Natural Dyes 268

14.3 Important Natural Dyes Having Antimicrobial Properties 270

14.4 Methods of Assessment 272

14.5 Mode of Action 272

14.6 Factors Affecting the Antimicrobial Activity of Natural Dyes on Textiles 272

14.7 Moth-Repellent Properties of Natural Dyes 273

14.8 UV Protection Properties 276

14.9 Deodorizing Properties 280

14.10 Agro-Waste as a Source of Natural Dyes for Functional Finishing 286

14.11 Future Aspects and Market 288

14.12 Conclusion 288

References 289

15 Sustainable Application of Flavonoid-Based Natural Colorants 295
Mahwish Salman, Shahid Adeel, Fatima Batool, Muhammad Usama, Atya Hassan, Meral Ozomay and Mozhgan Hosseinnezhad

15.1 Introduction 295

15.2 Flavonoids 297

15.3 Extraction Strategies 300

15.4 Carthamus Tinctorius L. (Safflower) 301

15.5 Tagetes Erecta L. (Marigold) 302

15.6 Crocus Sativus L. (Saffron) 303

15.7 Acacia Nilotica (Acacia) 304

15.8 Camellia Sinensis L. (Tea) 306

15.9 Allium Cepa L. (Onion) 307

15.10 Rosa Indica (Rose) 308

15.11 Vitis Vinifera (Common Grapevine) 309

15.12 Fagopyrum Esculentum (Buckwheat) 310

15.13 Liriope Platyphylla (Liriope) 311

15.14 Conclusion 312

Acknowledgment 312

References 313

16 Natural Dyes—A Way Forward 323
Akankshya Panda, Saptarshi Maiti, Pallavi Madiwale and Ravindra Adivarekar

16.1 Introduction 323

16.2 Synthetic Dyes: A Threat to Our Ecosystem 324

16.3 Sustainable Dyes and Pigments 324

16.4 Drive Toward Greener and Sustainable Dyes 326

16.5 Dyes and Pigments from Natural Sources 326

16.6 Production, Extraction, and Purification 330

16.7 Semisynthetic/Modified Dyes 333

16.8 Ecofriendly Dyeing Methods vs Natural Dyes 333

16.9 Emergence Toward Natural Dyes: Challenges and Sustainability 333

16.10 Biodyes and Their Acceptance: Reality Check 334

16.11 Natural Colorants: An Environment-Friendly Alternative to Synthetic Dyes 335

16.12 Fight to Optimize Their Variability 337

16.13 Effect of Mordants and Its Repercussions 337

16.14 Market Contest (Price, Quality, Availability, and Shade Matching) 338

16.15 Recent Developments 339

16.16 Conclusion 339

References 339

17 Rejuvenation of Natural Dyes From Medicinal-Based Plants 345
Shahid Adeel, Noman Habib, Aqsa Kanwal, Zeeshan Ali Shah, Mozhgan Hosseinnezhad, Fatima Batool and Muhammad Abdul Qayyum

17.1 Introduction 346

17.2 Classification of Natural Dyes 346

17.3 Isolation Methods 346

17.4 Mordanting as Shade Development Process 350

17.5 Natural Dye Sources 351

17.6 Importance of Natural Dyes in Electronics 357

17.7 Conclusion 358

References 358

18 Recent Advances in Developing Ecofriendly Cost-Effective Textile Processing 365
Shahid Adeel, Tanvir Ahmad, Fazal-ur-Rehman, Muhammad Kamran, Muhammad Sultan, Nimra Amin and Atya Hassan

18.1 Introduction 365

18.2 Fabrics Used in Textiles 366

18.3 Radiation as a Novel Tool 368

18.4 Microwave (MW) Radiation 368

18.5 Ultrasonic (US) Radiation 368

18.6 Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation 369

18.7 Gamma Radiation 369

18.8 Plasma Treatment 369

18.9 Recent Advances in Textile 370

18.10 Conclusion 373

Acknowledgment 373

References 373

19 Coloration with Natural Dyes of North-Eastern Region of India 377
Ritwik Chakraborty, Th. Basanta Singh, Palash Paul and Arup Kumar Haloi

19.1 Introduction 377

19.2 Natural Dyes 378

19.3 Natural Dyes of NER 379

19.4 Coloration with Selected Natural Dyes of NER 379

19.5 Conclusion 390

Acknowledgment 390

References 390

20 Aspects of Mordants and Metal Complex Dyes 393
Pranjul Vajpeyee, Sakshi Singh, Subhankar Maity, Pintu Pandit and Kunal Singha

20.1 Introduction 393

20.2 Chemistry of Metal-Complex Dyes 395

20.3 Premetallized Dyes 395

20.4 Structural Characteristics of Metal Complex Dyes 398

20.5 Stereochemistry and Isomerism 399

20.6 Mordant Dyes 402

20.7 Kinetics of Metal Complex Dye 403

20.8 Intraparticle Diffusion Model 405

20.9 Determination of Chromium Content 405

20.10 Conclusions 406

References 406

21 Challenges in Developing Sustainable Dyes and Pigments 411
Yogesh Gaikwad

21.1 Introduction 411

21.2 Sustainable Product 412

21.3 Sustainability in the Context of Dyes and Pigments 412

21.4 Sustainable Technologies for Dyeing and Printing 414

21.5 Digital Printing 415

21.6 Supercritical Dyeing 416

21.7 Selected Pigment Printing Methods 417

21.8 Laser Printing on Denim 417

21.9 D Mounding or 3D Printing 418

21.10 Sustainable Pigments 419

21.11 Future Perspective and Conclusion 420

References 420

22 Evolutions in Green Chemistry and Sustainable Economy 421
Ashok Athalye

22.1 Introduction 421

22.2 Rising Textile Consumption 422

22.3 Ecological Aspects in Textile Pocessing 422

22.4 Sustainability in Textile Value Chain 423

22.5 Expectations of a Textile Processor 425

22.6 Evolution of Eco-Norms 426

22.7 Environmental Management Systems 426

22.8 Green Chemistry and Technology 427

22.9 Ecology and Ecosystems 428

22.10 Pollutants From Textile Processing 428

22.11 Influent and Input Output Analysis 430

22.12 Effluent Characteristics 432

22.13 Ecostandards and Certifications 435

22.14 Conclusions 440

References 440

23 Progress in Innovative Green Chemistry and Circular Economy in Textiles 443
Subhankar Maity, Pintu Pandit, Kunal Singha and Saurav Kar

23.1 Introduction 443

23.2 Green Chemicals and Hazardous Substances 444

23.3 Recent Trends in Green Solvents 446

23.4 Textile Supply Chain and Life Cycle Assessment 448

23.5 Green Textile Fibers 449

23.6 Approach Toward Green Textile Pretreatment Processes 450

23.7 Approaches for Greener Textile Coloration 450

23.8 Barriers of Green Chemistry 451

23.9 Circular Economy 452

23.10 Challenges for Circular Economy 454

23.11 Conclusions 454

References 454

24 Critical Review on the Role of Nanomaterials in Textile Wastewater Treatment 457
Shanmugasundaram O. Lakshmanan

24.1 Introduction 457

24.2 Titanium-di-oxide Nanoparticles on Photocatalytic Activity 458

24.3 Tin Oxide Nanoparticles 459

24.4 Carbon Nanotubes 460

24.5 Silver Nanoparticles 460

24.6 Nanoparticles Doped with Transition Metals 460

24.7 Nanocomposites 461

24.8 Other Nanomaterials 461

24.9 Limitations of Nanomaterials 462

24.10 Conclusion 462

References 462

Index 469

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