Thematic Cartography and Visualization

Appropriate for either a one or two-semester undergraduate course in Cartography. This comprehensive book bridges the evolution in cartography by presenting both traditional methods and recently developed cartographic techniques. It provides a compendium of methods for symbolizing and visualizing spatial data, from the traditional methods that presume a communication model to computer-based techniques that provide a means of data visualization.

Preface

ix

Chapter 1 Introduction

1

(17)

1.1 What Is a Thematic Map?

2

(1)

1.2 How Are Thematic Maps Used?

3

(1)

1.3 Basic Steps for Communicating Map Information

3

(3)

1.4 Consequences of Technological Change in Cartography

6

(5)

1.5 Visualization and Cartography

11

(2)

1.6 Cognitive Issues in Cartography

13

(1)

1.7 Postmodernism in Cartography

14

(1)

1.8 Scope of This Book

15

(3)

Chapter 2 Symbolizing Spatial Data: Terminology and General Guidelines

18

(22)

2.1 Spatial Arrangement of Geographic Phenomena

19

(1)

2.2 Levels of Measurement

20

(2)

2.3 Visual Variables

22

(3)

2.4 Comparison of Choropleth, Proportional Symbol, Isopleth, and Dot Mapping

25

(4)

2.5 Selecting Visual Variables for Choropleth Maps

29

(3)

2.6 Data Standardization

32

(1)

2.7 Some Basic Map Design Elements

33

(7)

Chapter 3 Statistical and Graphical Foundation

40

(20)

3.1 Population and Sample

41

(1)

3.2 Descriptive versus Inferential Statistics

41

(1)

3.3 General Methods for Analyzing Spatial Data, Ignoring Location

41

(11)

3.4 Numerical Summaries in Which Location Is an Integral Component

52

(8)

Chapter 4 Data Classification

60

(23)

4.1 Common Methods of Data Classification

61

(14)

4.2 Classed versus Unclassed Mapping

75

(3)

4.3 Using Spatial Context to Simplify Choropleth Maps

78

(5)

Chapter 5 Principles of Color

83

(22)

5.1 How Color Is Processed by the Human Visual System

84

(4)

5.2 Hardware Considerations in Producing Color Maps

88

(7)

5.3 Models for Specifying Color

95

(6)

5.4 Methods for Disseminating Maps to Users

101

(4)

Chapter 6 Color Schemes For Univariate Choropleth and Isarithmic Maps

105

(13)

6.1 Map Use Tasks

106

(1)

6.2 Kind of Data

106

(1)

6.3 Type of Map

107

(1)

6.4 Other Factors in Selecting Color Schemes

108

(3)

6.5 Details of Color Specification

111

(7)

Chapter 7 Proportional Symbol Mapping

118

(18)

7.1 Selecting Appropriate Data

119

(2)

7.2 Kinds of Proportional Symbols

121

(1)

7.3 Scaling Proportional Symbols

121

(9)

7.4 Legend Design

130

(1)

7.5 Handling Symbol Overlap

131

(2)

7.6 Redundant Symbols

133

(3)

Chapter 8 Interpolation Methods for Smooth Continuous Phenomena

136

(17)

8.1 Triangulation

137

(2)

8.2 Inverse Distance

139

(2)

8.3 Kriging

141

(4)

8.4 Criteria for Selecting an Interpolation Method for True Point Data

145

(2)

8.5 Limitations of Automated Interpolation Approaches

147

(1)

8.6 Tobler's Pycnophylactic Approach: an Interpolation Method for Conceptual Point Data

148

(5)

Chapter 9 Symbolizing Smooth Continuous Phenomena

153

(15)

9.1 Methods for Symbolizing Topography or Nontopographic Phenomena

154

(2)

9.2 Methods for Symbolizing Topography

156

(12)

Chapter 10 Dot and Dasymetric Mapping

168

(9)

10.1 Types of Ancillary Variables

169

(1)

10.2 Manual versus Automated Production

169

(1)

10.3 Creating a Dot Map

169

(4)

10.4 Mapping Population Density: Langford and Unwin's Approach

173

(4)

Chapter 11 Developments in Univariate Mapping Methods

177

(16)

11.1 Framed-Rectangle Symbols

178

(1)

11.2 Modeling Geographic Phenomena and the Chorodot Map

179

(2)

11.3 Dorling's Cartograms

181

(3)

11.4 Novel Methods for Flow Mapping

184

(3)

11.5 Mapping True 3-D Phenomena

187

(6)

Chapter 12 Bivariate and Multivariate Mapping

193

(17)

12.1 Bivariate Mapping

195

(6)

12.2 Multivariate Mapping

201

(9)

Chapter 13 Data Exploration

210

(12)

13.1 Moellering's 3-D Mapping Software

211

(1)

13.2 ExploreMap

211

(2)

13.3 Project Argus

213

(1)

13.4 MapTime

214

(1)

13.5 Vis5D

215

(2)

13.6 Aspens

217

(1)

13.7 Transform

218

(1)

13.8 ArcView

219

(1)

13.9 Other Exploration Software

220

(2)

Chapter 14 Map Animation

222

(9)

14.1 Graphic Scripts

222

(1)

14.2 The Fundamental Work of DiBase and Colleagues

223

(2)

14.3 Examples of Animations

225

(6)

Chapter 15 Electronic Atlases and Tools for Developing Your Own Software

231

(10)

15.1 Defining Electronic Atlases

232

(1)

15.2 Examples of Electronic Atlases

233

(4)

15.3 Tools for Developing Your Own Software

237

(4)

Chapter 16 Recent Developments

241

(16)

16.1 Depicting Data Quality

242

(6)

16.2 Using Sound to Represent Spatial Data

248

(1)

16.3 Recent Research on Color

249

(2)

16.4 Virtual Reality and Visual Realism

251

(2)

16.5 Computers and Geosciences Special Electronic Issue

253

(1)

16.6 Keeping Pace with Recent Developments

253

(4)

Appendix A CMYK Specifications for Color Choropleth Maps

257

(5)

Appendix B Using the CIE L(*)u(*)v(*) Uniform Color Space to Create Equally Spaced Colors

262

(1)

Glossary

263

(11)

References

274

(14)

Index

288

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Thematic Cartography and Visualization

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials