Theories of Geographic Concepts: Ontological Approaches to Semantic Integration

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ISBN: 9780849330896 | 0849330890
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/20/2007

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Theories of geographic concepts are essential in the process of forming geographic knowledge and developing representations. Concepts are partitions of reality embodying the knowledge that describes the meaning of categories. Concept semantics are usually encapsulated, elucidated, and formalized by ontologies. Reuse and exchange of heterogeneous knowledge depend on the ability to integrate partial, imprecise, often conflicting representations of reality - a central problem of semantic interoperability. In this context, Theories of Geographic Concepts: Ontological Approaches to Semantic Integration focuses on geographic concepts, semantics, ontologies, and eventually integration.

Preface	p. xiii
About the Title	p. xiv
Focus and Readership	p. xv
Organization	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xvi
The Authors	p. xvii
The Context
Introduction	p. 3
Geographic Reality, Concepts, and Knowledge Representation	p. 3
Geographic Concepts	p. 6
Dimensions of Geographic Concepts	p. 8
Semantics and Ontologies	p. 10
Perspectives	p. 12
The Philosophical Perspective	p. 14
The Linguistic Perspective	p. 14
The Cognitive Perspective	p. 16
The Artificial Intelligence/Information Science Perspective	p. 17
Data, Information, Knowledge (and Wisdom)	p. 18
The Core of the Matter	p. 19
Upshot	p. 21
References	p. 22
Geographic Ontologies	p. 27
Notions and Perspectives	p. 27
Geographic Ontology Types and Related Issues	p. 28
Ontology Types	p. 28
Ontology Components	p. 29
Formality	p. 29
Structure	p. 29
IS-A Hierarchies	p. 30
Parts	p. 30
Multiple Inheritance	p. 31
Cover, Use, and Usability	p. 31
Definitions	p. 32
Relations and Properties	p. 33
Top-Level Ontologies	p. 34
Maps as Ontologies	p. 34
Methodology-Driven Ontologies	p. 35
Ontological Vagueness	p. 36
References	p. 40
Semantic Interoperability	p. 43
Notions and Perspectives	p. 43
Semantic Heterogeneities	p. 45
Geospatial Interoperability Efforts	p. 48
Core Issues	p. 48
References	p. 49
Theoretical Foundations
Ontologies	p. 55
Ontology in Philosophy	p. 55
Formal Ontology	p. 58
The Problem of Universals	p. 59
Ontology in Computer Science	p. 62
Top-Level Ontologies	p. 65
Ontology in the Geospatial Domain	p. 69
References	p. 76
Concepts	p. 83
Ontology of Concepts	p. 83
Theories of Concepts	p. 85
The Classical Theory of Concepts	p. 86
Probabilistic Theories of Concepts	p. 86
Theory-Based Theories of Concepts	p. 89
Neoclassical Theories of Concepts	p. 90
Conceptual Atomism	p. 91
Functions of Concepts	p. 91
Kinds of Concepts	p. 92
Properties and Relations	p. 92
Properties	p. 92
Relations	p. 95
References	p. 100
Semantics	p. 105
Introduction	p. 105
Meaning	p. 106
Wierzbicka's Semantic and Lexical Universals	p. 108
Modes of Meaning	p. 110
Meaning and Definitions	p. 111
Basic Notions of Definitions	p. 111
Types of Definitions	p. 113
Geospatial Semantics	p. 115
References	p. 120
Formal Approaches
Knowledge Representation Instruments	p. 125
Knowledge Representation	p. 125
Knowledge Representation and Context	p. 128
Context	p. 128
Context Formalization	p. 128
Context in Geographic Applications	p. 130
Knowledge Representation and Natural Language	p. 132
Formal Instruments	p. 132
References	p. 134
Formal Concept Analysis	p. 139
Basic Notions of Formal Concept Analysis	p. 139
Many-Valued Contexts	p. 144
Applications of Lattices and Formal Concept Analysis	p. 146
Semantic Factoring	p. 147
References	p. 148
Conceptual Graphs	p. 151
Defining Conceptual Graphs	p. 151
Representing Conceptual Graphs	p. 151
Basics of Conceptual Graphs	p. 152
Operations over Conceptual Graphs	p. 153
Conceptual Graphs in Geographic Applications	p. 154
References	p. 156
Channel Theory	p. 157
Introduction	p. 157
Basics of Channel Theory	p. 157
Classification	p. 157
Sum of Classifications	p. 159
Local Logic	p. 160
Infomorphism	p. 160
Channel	p. 162
References	p. 163
Description Logics	p. 165
Introduction	p. 165
Description Logics Syntactic Elements	p. 165
Description Logics Languages	p. 166
Description Logics Knowledge Organization and Modeling	p. 167
Reasoning in Description Logics	p. 168
References	p. 169
Natural Language and Semantic Information Extraction	p. 171
Semantic Information Extraction from Text	p. 171
Semantic Information Extraction from Definitions	p. 173
Main Semantic Properties in Geographic Concept Definitions	p. 177
Main Semantic Relations in Geographic Concept Definitions	p. 178
References	p. 180
Similarity	p. 183
The Notion of Similarity	p. 183
Measures of Similarity	p. 184
Portraying Similarity	p. 185
Similarity and Context	p. 187
References	p. 188
Ontology Integration
Integration Framework	p. 193
The Ontology of Integration	p. 193
Ontology Integration	p. 194
Integration Frameworks	p. 196
An Extended Framework	p. 201
Process I: Extraction	p. 204
Process II: Comparison, Identification, and Reconciliation of Heterogeneities	p. 205
Process III: Integration	p. 206
Integration Architecture Terminology	p. 207
Principle behind an Integration Approach	p. 210
References	p. 215
Integration Approaches	p. 221
Classification of Approaches	p. 221
PROMPT	p. 221
KRAFT	p. 223
CHIMAERA	p. 225
MOMIS	p. 225
GLUE	p. 227
ECOIN	p. 228
FCA-Merge	p. 229
IF-Map	p. 231
Architecture-Based Approaches to Geointegration	p. 232
A Concept Comparison Approach	p. 235
Intensional-Based Geointegration Approaches	p. 238
Extensional-Based Geointegration Approaches	p. 243
Comparative Presentation	p. 245
References	p. 248
Integration Guidelines	p. 253
General Guidelines and Scenarios	p. 253
Scenario 1: Concept Comparison Focusing on the Ontologies' Structure	p. 254
Scenario 2: Concept Comparison Based on Similarity	p. 255
Scenario 3: Mapping to a Shared Ontology	p. 255
Scenario 4: Advanced Ontology Mapping	p. 256
Scenario 5: Ontology Merging	p. 256
Scenario 6: Advanced Ontology Merging	p. 257
Scenario 7: True Integration	p. 258
Scenario 8: Extensional Integration	p. 258
Scenario 9: Integration Based on Natural Language Documents	p. 259
Scenario 10: Temporal Integration	p. 259
Integration Scenarios and Working Examples	p. 260
Scenario 1: Ontology Merging	p. 263
Scenario 2: Concept Comparison	p. 269
Scenario 3: True Integration	p. 275
Semantic Information Extraction	p. 275
Concept Comparison	p. 277
Integration	p. 286
References	p. 291
Post-Review
Epilogue	p. 295
Closing issues	p. 295
Hindsight	p. 295
Foresight	p. 298
Theoretical Issues and Knowledge Elicitation	p. 298
Ontological Research	p. 298
Concepts	p. 299
Semantics	p. 300
Formal Approaches	p. 300
Integration Approaches	p. 305
Algorithm Design	p. 305
Evaluation of Ontology Integration	p. 306
Afterword	p. 306
References	p. 307
Index	p. 311
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Theories of Geographic Concepts: Ontological Approaches to Semantic Integration

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