Theory of Heat

Unjustly neglected classic sets forth the fundamentals of thermodynamics clearly and simply enough to be understood by a beginning student, yet with enough subtlety and depth of thought to appeal also to more advanced readers. Maxwell goes on to elucidate the fundamental ideas of kinetic theory, and-through the mental experiment of "Maxwell's demon"-points out how the Second Law of Thermodynamics relies on statistics. New introduction and notes by Peter Pesic.

James Clerk Maxwell: In His Own Words — And Others
Dover reprinted Maxwell's Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism in 1954, surely one of the first classics of scientific literature over a thousand pages in length to be given new life and accessibility to students and researchers as a result of the paperback revolution of the 1950s. Matter and Motion followed in 1991 and Theory of Heat in 2001.

Some towering figures in science have to speak for themselves. Such is James Clerk Maxwell (1813–1879), the Scottish physicist and mathematician who formulated the basic equations of classical electromagnetic theory.

In the Author's Own Words:
"We may find illustrations of the highest doctrines of science in games and gymnastics, in traveling by land and by water, in storms of the air and of the sea, and wherever there is matter in motion."

"The 2nd law of thermodynamics has the same degree of truth as the statement that if you throw a tumblerful of water into the sea, you cannot get the same tumblerful of water out again." — James Clerk Maxwell

Critical Acclaim for James Clerk Maxwell:
"From a long view of the history of mankind — seen from, say, ten thousand years from now — there can be little doubt that the most significant event of the 19th century will be judged as Maxwell's discovery of the laws of electrodynamics. The American Civil War will pale into provincial insignificance in comparison with this important scientific event of the same decade." — Richard P. Feynman

"Maxwell's equations have had a greater impact on human history than any ten presidents." — Carl Sagan

Introduction
Meaning of the word Temperature	p. 1
The Mercurial Thermometer	p. 5
Heat as a Quantity	p. 6
Diffusion of Heat by Conduction and Radiation	p. 10
The three Physical States of Bodies	p. 16
Thermometry, or the Registration of Temperature
Definition of Higher and Lower Temperature	p. 32
Temperatures of Reference	p. 34
Different Thermometric Scales	p. 37
Construction of a Thermometer	p. 40
The Air Thermometer	p. 46
Other Methods of Ascertaining Temperatures	p. 51
Calorimetry, or the Measurement of Heat
Selection of a Unit of Heat	p. 54
All Heat is of the same Kind	p. 56
Ice Calorimeters	p. 58
Bunsen's Calorimeter	p. 61
Method of Mixture	p. 63
Definitions of Thermal Capacity and Specific Heat	p. 65
Latent Heat of Steam	p. 69
Elementary Dynamical Principles
Measurement of Quantities	p. 74
The Units of Length, Mass, and Time, and their Derived Units	p. 76
Measurement of Force	p. 83
Work and Energy	p. 87
Principle of the Conservation of Energy	p. 92
Measurement of Internal Forces and Their Effects
Longitudinal Pressure and Tension	p. 94
Definition of a Fluid--Hydrostatic Pressure	p. 95
Work done by a Piston on a Fluid	p. 101
Watt's Indicator and the Indicator Diagram	p. 102
Elasticity of a Fluid	p. 107
Lines of Equal Temperature on the Indicator Diagram
Relation between Volume, Pressure, and Temperature	p. 108
Isothermal Lines of a Gas	p. 110
Isothermal Lines of a Vapour in Contact with its Liquid	p. 113
Steam Line and Water Line	p. 117
Continuity of the Liquid and Gaseous States.--Experiments of Cagniard de la Tour and Andrews	p. 118
Adiabatic Lines
Properties of a Substance when heat is prevented from entering or leaving it	p. 127
The Adiabatic Lines are Steeper than the Isothermals	p. 130
Diagram showing the Effects of Heat on Water	p. 134
Heat Engines
Carnot's Engine	p. 138
Second Law of Thermodynamics	p. 153
Carnot's Function and Thomson's Absolute Scale of Temperature	p. 155
Maximum Efficiency of a Heat Engine	p. 158
Thermodynamic Scale of Temperature	p. 160
Entropy	p. 162
Fictitious Thermal Lines	p. 164
Relations Between the Physical Properties of a Substance
Four Thermodynamic Relations	p. 165
The two Modes of Defining Specific Heat	p. 169
The two Modes of Defining Elasticity	p. 171
Latent Heat
Relation between the Latent Heat and the Alteration of the Volume of the Substance during a Change of State	p. 173
Lowering of the Freezing Point by Pressure	p. 176
Thermodynamics of Gases
Cooling by Expansion	p. 180
Calculation of the Specific Heat of Air	p. 183
On the Intrinsic Energy of a System of Bodies
Intrinsic Energy defined	p. 185
Available Energy	p. 187
Dissipation of Energy	p. 192
Mechanical and Thermal Analogies	p. 193
Prof. Gibbs' Thermodynamic Model	p. 195
On Free Expansion
Theory of a Fluid rushing through a Porous Plug	p. 209
Determination of the Dynamical Equivalent of Heat	p. 211
Determination of the Absolute Scale of Temperature	p. 213
Determination of Heights by the Barometer
Principle of the Barometer	p. 217
The Barometer in a Diving Bell	p. 218
Height of the 'Homogeneous Atmosphere'	p. 220
Height of a Mountain found by the Barometer	p. 221
On the Propagation of Waves of Longitudinal Disturbance
Waves of Permanent Type	p. 223
Velocity of Sound	p. 228
On Radiation
Definition of Radiation	p. 230
Interforence	p. 234
Different Kinds of Radiation	p. 237
Prevost's Theory of Exchanges	p. 240
Rate of Cooling	p. 246
Effects of Radiation on Thermometers	p. 248
On Convection Currents
How they are Produced	p. 250
Joule's Determination of the Point of Maximum Density of Water	p. 252
On the Diffusion of Heat by Conduction
Conduction through a Plate	p. 253
Different Measures of Conductivity	p. 255
Conduction in a Solid	p. 255
Sketch of Fourier's Theory	p. 259
Harmonic Distributions of Temperature	p. 263
Steady and Periodic Flow of Heat	p. 265
Determination of the Thermal Conductivity of Bodies	p. 268
Applications of the Theory	p. 272
On the Diffusion of Fluids
Coefficient of Diffusion	p. 275
Researches of Graham and Loschmidt	p. 278
On Capillarity
Superficial Energy and Superficial Tension	p. 280
Rise of a Liquid in a Tube	p. 286
Evaporation and Condensation as Affected by Capillarity	p. 287
Table of Superficial Tension	p. 292
On Elasticity and Viscosity
Different Kinds of Stress and Strain	p. 294
Coefficient of Viscosity	p. 297
Molecular Theory of the Constitution of Bodies
Kinetic and Potential Energy	p. 301
Evidence that Heat is the Kinetic Energy of the Molecules of a Body	p. 303
Kinetic Theory of Gases	p. 307
Deduction of the Laws of Gases	p. 315
Equilibrium of a Vertical Column	p. 319
Diffusion, Viscosity, and Conduction	p. 321
Evaporation and Condensation	p. 323
Electrolysis	p. 325
Radiation	p. 326
Limitation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics	p. 327
The Properties of Molecules	p. 330
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

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