Thomsaon Advantage Books Cultural Anthropology

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ISBN: 9780534640743 | 0534640745
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 6/28/2005

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Preface. Acknowledgments. 1. Culture and Meaning. 2. The Meaning of Progress. 3. The Construction of the Nation-State. 4. The Social and Cultural Construction of Reality. 5. Patterns of Family Relations. 6. The Cultural Construction of Identity. 7. The Cultural Construction of Social Hierarchy. 8. The Cultural Construction of Violent Conflict. Glossary. Bibliography. Index.

Preface

Culture and Meaning

(38)

Problem 1: How can people begin to understand beliefs and behaviors that are different from their own?

(1)

Introduction: The World Behind Everyday Appearances

(2)

Question 1.1 Why Do Human Beings Differ in Their Beliefs and Behaviors?

(3)

Question 1.2. How Do People Judge the Beliefs and Behaviors of Others?

(8)

The Ethnocentric Fallacy and the Relativist Fallacy

(2)

Virginity Testing in Turkey and Cannibalism among the Wari'

(3)

Objectivity and Morality

(2)

Question 1.3. Is It Possible to See the World Through the Eyes of Others?

(5)

The Embarrassed Anthropologist

(1)

Confronting Witchcraft in Mexico

(1)

The Endangered Anthropologist

(2)

Question 1.4 How Can the Meanings That Others Find in Experience Be Interpreted and Described?

(4)

Deciphering the Balinese Cockfight

(2)

Question 1.5 What Can Learning About Other Peoples Tell Americans About Themselves?

(11)

A Balinese Anthropologist Studies Football

(2)

An Anthropologist Looks at a ``Happy Meal''

(8)

Case Study in Doing Anthropology # 1: The Consumer Experience

Conclusions

(1)

References and Suggested Readings

(3)

The Meaning of Progress

(42)

Problem 2: How do we explain the transformation of human societies over the past 10,000 years from small-scale, nomadic bands of hunters and gatherers, to large-scale, urban-industrial states?

(1)

Introduction: The Death of a Way of Life

(3)

Question 2.1 Why Did Hunter-Gatherer Societies Switch to Sedentary Agriculture?

(9)

Life Among Hunter-Gatherers: The Hadza and Ju/wasi

(2)

The Transition to Agriculture

(4)

Producing Potato Calories

(1)

Question 2.2 Why Are Some Societies More Industrially Advanced Than Others?

(6)

The British in India

(1)

Cotton, Slavery, and the Cherokee Removal

(2)

Question 2.3 Why Don't Poor Countries Modernize and Develop in the Same Way as Wealthy Countries?

(5)

The Case of Brazil

(2)

Question 2.4 How Do Modern Standards of Health and Medical Treatment Compare with Those of Traditional Societies?

(6)

Illness and Inequality

(2)

The Meaning of Illness

(4)

Question 2.5: Why are Simpler Societies Disappearing?

(4)

Globalization and Cultural Diversity

(3)

Case Study in Doing Anthropology # 2: Doing Development

(4)

Anthropologists in Development

(1)

Using Indigenous Knowledge

(2)

Women in Development

(1)

Conclusions

(1)

References and Suggested Readings

(3)

The Construction of the Nation-State

(32)

Problem 3: How do we explain emergence of the modern nation-state and the methods through which persons come to believe that they owe their allegiance to their country?

(1)

Introduction: Killing and the State

(1)

Question 3.1: Why Did Human Beings Organize into Large-Scale State Organizations?

(3)

Question 3.2: Why Did the Nation-State Come to Exist and What Functions Does it Perform?

(1)

The Nation-State and the Cost of a Twinkie

(3)

Question 3.3: How is The State Constructed and Maintained and How Does it Succeed in Binding Together Often Disparate and Conflicting Groups?

(9)

Race and the Nation-State

(1)

Education and the Nation-State

(1)

Violence and the Nation-State

(4)

Question 3.4: How is The State to Survive in an Increasingly Globalized World?

(5)

Case Study in Doing Anthropology # 3: Anthropology and Public Policy

104

(6)

The Market Externalities of ``Hog Hotels''

106

(4)

Conclusions

110

(1)

References and Suggested Readings

111

(2)

The Social and Cultural Construction of Reality

113

(44)

Problem 4: Why do people believe different things, and why are they so certain that their view of the world is correct, and others are wrong?

113

(1)

Introduction: The Central Question

114

(2)

Question 4.1. How Does Language Affect the Meanings People Assign to Experience?

116

(8)

Borrowing Meaning with Metaphors

118

(2)

Kwakiutl Metaphors of Hunger

120

(2)

The Metaphors of Contemporary Witchcraft and Magic

122

(2)

Question 4.2 How Does Symbolic Action Reinforce a Particular View of the World?

124

(6)

The Kwakiutl Cannibal Dance

125

(2)

The Ritual of Contemporary Witchcraft and Magic

127

(2)

Dorothy Meets Luke Skywalker

129

(1)

Question 4.3 How Do People Come to Believe What They Do, and How Do They Continue to Hold to Their Beliefs Even if They Seem Contradictory or Ambiguous?

130

(7)

The Process of Interpretive Drift

131

(3)

Explaining Why the Sun Moves Around the Earth

134

(3)

Question 4.4: How Does the Way We Live Affect Our Beliefs and Rituals?

137

(5)

``Acting'' in Love

138

(2)

Love and Class Structure

140

(1)

Love and Individualism

141

(1)

Romantic Love and the Functioning of Society

142

(1)

Question 4.5 How Can People Reorder Their View of the World if It Becomes Unsatisfactory?

142

(6)

Wovoka and the Ghost Dance

143

(2)

Mother Ann Lee and the Shakers

145

(3)

Case Study in Doing Anthropology # 4: Public Relations, Counseling and Tourism

148

(4)

An Anthropological Look at Tourism

150

(2)

Conclusions

152

(1)

References and Suggested Readings

153

(4)

Patterns of Family Relations

157

(38)

Problem 5: What we need to know before we can understand the dynamics of family life in other societies?

157

(1)

Introduction: Soap Operas and Family Relations

158

(2)

Question 5.1 What Is The Composition of The Typical Family Group?

160

(8)

The Family Composition of the Ju/wasi

161

(2)

The Family Composition of the Trobriand Islanders

163

(2)

The Family Composition of the Chinese

165

(3)

Question 5.2. How Are Families Formed, and The Ideal Family Type Maintained?

168

(7)

The Family Cycle of the Ju/wasi

169

(2)

The Family Cycle of the Trobriand Islanders

171

(2)

The Family Cycle of the Chinese

173

(2)

Question 5.3 What Are the Roles of Sexuality, Love, and Wealth?

175

(4)

Sex, Love, and Wealth among the Ju/wasi

176

(1)

Sex, Love, and Wealth among the Trobriand Islanders

176

(1)

Sex, Love, and Wealth among the Chinese

177

(2)

Question 5.4: What Threatens to Disrupt the Family Unit?

179

(5)

Threats to the Ju/wasi Family

179

(2)

Threats to the Trobriand Islander Family

181

(4)

Threats to the Chinese Family

185

Case Studies in Doing Anthropology #5: Combating HIV/AIDS

184

(7)

Aids Prevention in Mexico

185

(1)

Sexual Silence

185

(1)

Power Relations

186

(2)

Trust and Fidelity

188

(1)

Sex and Love

188

(1)

Why is the Message of Traditional AIDS---Prevention Programs Sometimes Ignored?

189

(1)

Designing AIDS---Prevention Programs

190

(1)

Conclusions

191

(2)

References and Suggested Readings

193

(2)

The Cultural Construction of Identity

195

(38)

Problem 6: How do people determine who they are, and how do they communicate who they think they are to others?

195

(1)

Introduction: The Importance of Self

196

(1)

Question 6.1 How Does the Concept of Personhood Vary from Society to Society?

197

(4)

The Egocentric and Sociocentric Self

198

(1)

Personhood in Japan and America

199

(2)

Question 6.2 How Do Societies Distinguish Individuals from One Another?

201

(5)

Constructing Male and Female

202

(2)

Language Gender, and Race

204

(2)

Question 6.3 How Do Individuals Learn Who They Are?

206

(5)

The Transition to Adulthood

207

(4)

Question 6.4 How Do Individuals Communicate Their Identities to One Another?

211

(8)

Gifts and Commodities

214

(2)

Gift-Giving and Christmas in America

216

(3)

Question 6.5 How Do Individuals Defend Their Identities When They Are Threatened?

219

(3)

Making Moka in Papua New Guinea

219

(3)

Case Studies in Doing Anthropology # 6: Fat Talk

222

(7)

Body Image and Identity

223

(1)

Fat Talk

224

(2)

The Problem

226

(1)

Addressing the Problem

227

(2)

Conclusions

229

(1)

References and Suggested Readings

230

(3)

The Cultural Construction of Social Hierarchy

233

(44)

Problem 7: Why are modern societies characterized by social, political, and economic inequalities?

233

(1)

Introduction: The Rationale for Social Inequality

234

(4)

Question 7.1 How Do Societies Rank People in Social Hierarchies?

238

(3)

The Feminization of Poverty

239

(2)

Question 7.2 Why Do Societies Construct Social Hierarchies?

241

(3)

Integrative and Exploitive Theories of Social Hierarchy

241

(1)

Karl Marx and the Origin of Class

242

(2)

Question 7.3 How Do People Come to Accept Social Hierarchies as Natural?

244

(11)

Constructing the Ideology of Racism

245

(2)

The Social Construction of ``Intelligence''

247

(6)

Constructing Stratification by Gender

253

(2)

Question 7.4 How Do People Living in Poverty Adapt to Their Condition?

255

(7)

Kinship as an Adaptation to Poverty

256

(1)

In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio

257

(5)

Question 7.5 Can a Nonstratified Community Exist Within a Large Society?

262

(3)

The Hutterites and the Colony of Heaven

262

(3)

Case Studies in Doing Anthropology # 7: Saving the World: Health and Human Rights

265

(8)

Anthropology and Human Rights

266

(3)

Anthropology and Medical Rights: The Work of Paul Farmer

269

(2)

Health as a Human Right

271

(2)

Conclusions

273

(1)

References and Suggested Readings

274

(3)

The Cultural Construction of Violent Conflict

277

(42)

Problem 8: How do societies give meaning to and justify collective violence?

277

(1)

Introduction: The Justification of Violent Conflict

278

(1)

Question 8.1 How Do Societies Create a Bias in Favor of Collective Violence?

279

(7)

Horses, Rank, and Warfare Among the Kiowa

280

(1)

Good Hosts Among the Yanomamo

280

(2)

Defending Honor in Kohistan

282

(2)

Constructing Religious Justifications for Violence

284

(2)

Question 8.2 How Do Societies Create a Bias Against Violent Conflict?

286

(3)

Characteristics of Peaceful Societies

286

(3)

Question 8.3 What Are the Economic, Political, or Social Differences Between Peaceful and Violent Societies?

289

(6)

The Need to Protect Resources and Honor

290

(1)

Creating the Conditions for Violence

291

(2)

Sexism and Violent Conflict

293

(2)

Question 8.4: What Are the Effects of War on Society?

295

(3)

The Impact of War on Population

295

(1)

The Evolution of the Nation-State

296

(1)

Violence and Male Solidarity

297

(1)

Question 8.5: How Is It Possible to Justify the Construction of Weapons of Mass Destruction?

298

(6)

The Anthropology of a Nuclear Weapons Laboratory

298

(3)

The Language of Nuclear Destruction

301

(3)

Case Studies in Doing Anthropology # 8: Deciphering the Rhetoric of War and Violence

304

(11)

The School of the Americas

307

(4)

Constructing a View of the United States

311

(1)

Constructing Threats to ``Our Way of Life''

312

(1)

Constructing Impunity

312

(1)

Responding to Critics

313

(2)

Conclusions

315

(1)

References and Suggested Readings

316

(3)

Glossary

319

(5)

Bibliography

324

(13)

Index

337

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Thomsaon Advantage Books Cultural Anthropology

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