Thoughts and Utterances The Pragmatics of Explicit Communication

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ISBN: 9780631214885 | 0631214887
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 10/25/2002

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Thoughts and Utterances is the first sustained investigation of two distinctions which are fundamental to all theories of utterance understanding: the semantics/pragmatics distinction and the distinction between what is explicitly communicated and what is implicitly communicated. Features the first sustained investigation of both the semantics/pragmatics distinction and the distinction between what is explicitly and implicitly communicated in speech.

Acknowledgements

Introduction

(14)

1 Pragmatics and Linguistic Underdeterminacy

(79)

1.1 Saying and Meaning

(4)

1.2 The Underdeterminacy Thesis

(11)

1.2.1 Sources of linguistic underdeterminacy

(7)

1.2.2 Underdeterminacy: essential or merely convenient?

(2)

1.3 Eternal Sentences and Effability

(12)

1.3.1 Eternal sentences and Platonism

(1)

1.3.2 Effability principles

(5)

1.3.3 Eternal reference?

(2)

1.3.4 Eternal predication?

(3)

1.4 Metarepresentation, Relevance and Pragmatic Inference

(6)

1.4.1 Mind-reading and ostension

(2)

1.4.2 Relevance and utterance understanding

(4)

1.5 Underdeterminacy, Truth Conditions and the Semantics/Pragmatics Distinction

(16)

1.5.1 A truth-conditional semantics for natural language?

(6)

1.5.2 A translational semantics for natural language?

(8)

1.6 Radical Underdeterminacy and the Background

(10)

1.6.1 The Background

(5)

1.6.2 Radical underdeterminacy and 'expressibility'

(1)

1.6.3 Radical underdeterminacy and semantic compositionality

(4)

1.7 Underdeterminacy of Thought?

(9)

1.7.1 Mentalese, pragmatics and compositional semantics

(4)

1.7.2 Mental indexicals and the mind-world connection

(5)

1.8 Summary

(1)

Notes

(11)

2 The Explicit/Implicit Distinction

(128)

2.1 Semantics/Pragmatics Distinction

(6)

2.1.1 Truth-conditional semantics and formal pragmatics

(1)

2.1.2 Semantic/pragmatic circles

(5)

2.2 Grice: Saying/Implicating

101

(15)

2.2.1 Odd statements but true

101

(4)

2.2.2 Contextual contributions to 'what is said'

105

(2)

2.2.3 Implicature: conventional and conversational

107

(7)

2.2.4 saying, meaning and 'making as if to say'

114

(2)

2.3 Sperber and Wilson: Relevance-theoretic Distinctions

116

(48)

2.3.1 Explicature

116

(9)

2.3.2 Multiple speech acts and multiple logical forms

125

(9)

2.3.3 Implicature

134

(8)

2.3.4 Deriving explicatures and implicatures

142

(10)

2.3.5 Subsentential utterances, saying and explicating

152

(5)

2.3.6 Explicature and non-literalness

157

(3)

2.3.7 Blakemore: the conceptual/procedural distinction

160

(4)

2.4 Travis and Recanati: Enriched 'What is said'

164

(6)

2.4.1 Contextualist saying

164

(2)

2.4.2 Availability to intuitions

166

(4)

2.5 Bach: What is Said/Impliciture/Implicature

170

(13)

2.5.1 Impliciture vs. explicature

170

(1)

2.5.2 What is said and linguistic meaning

171

(6)

2.5.3 What is said and indexicality

177

(5)

2.5.4 What's to be said about 'what is said'?

182

(1)

2.6 Pragmatic Meaning: Enrichment or Implicature?

183

(14)

2.6.1 Minimalist principles

185

(4)

2.6.2 Functional independence

189

(2)

2.6.3 Embedding tests

191

(6)

2.7 Postscript: Hidden Indexicals or 'Free' Enrichment?

197

(8)

2.8 Conclusion: From Generative semantics to Pro-active Pragmatics

205

(1)

Notes

206

(16)

3 The Pragmatics of 'And'-Conjunction

222

(43)

3.1 Preserving the Truth-functionality of 'And'

222

(4)

3.2 A Relevance-based Pragmatics of Conjunction

226

(2)

3.2.1 Cognitive scripts and accessibility

226

(1)

3.2.2 Enrichment or implicature?

227

(1)

3.3 The Semantic Alternatives

228

(7)

3.4 Cognitive Fundamentals: Causality and Explanation

235

(7)

3.5 Relevance Relations and Units of Processing

242

(8)

3.5.1 The conjunction unit

242

(4)

3.5.2 Elaboration relations

246

(4)

3.6 Processing Effort and Iconicity

250

(3)

3.7 Residual Issues

253

(4)

3.7.1 Pragmatic enrichment or unrepresented Background?

253

(1)

3.7.2 The semantics of 'and' and the logic of 'and'

254

(3)

3.8 Conclusion: From Generalized Conversational Implicature to Propositional Enrichment

257

(1)

Notes

258

(7)

4 The Pragmatics of Negation

265

(55)

4.1 Some Data and Some Distinctions

266

(5)

4.1.1 The scope distinction

266

(1)

4.1.2 The representational distinction

267

(4)

4.2 Semantic Ambiguity Analyses

271

(7)

4.2.1 Lexical ambiguity and/or scope ambiguity?

271

(2)

4.2.2 Arguments against ambiguity

273

(5)

4.3 Strong Pragmatic Analyses

278

(13)

4.3.1 Analyses in the Gricean spirit

278

(3)

4.3.2 Grice: structural ambiguity and implicature

281

(3)

4.3.3 Sense-generality and implicature

284

(4)

4.3.4 Pragmatic narrowing of negation

288

(3)

4.4 'Presupposition'-cancelling Negation and Metalinguistic Negation

291

(11)

4.4.1 Semantic presupposition and negation

291

(3)

4.4.2 Metalinguistic negation

294

(2)

4.4.3 Negation and echoic use

296

(2)

4.4.4 Truth-functional negation and metarepresentational enrichment

298

(4)

4.5 The Pragmatics of 'Presupposition'-denial

302

(9)

4.5.1 'Presupposition'-denial and contradiction

303

(3)

4.5.2 Negation and two kinds of pragmatic enrichment

306

(5)

4.6 Conclusion: From Multiple Semantic Ambiguity to Univocal Semantics and Pragmatic Enrichment

311

(1)

Notes

312

(8)

5 The Pragmatics of On-line Concept Construction

320

(56)

5.1 Encoded Concepts and Communicated Concepts

321

(13)

5.1.1 Ad hoc concepts via narrowing

323

(5)

5.1.2 The problem of concept broadening

328

(6)

5.2 A Symmetrical Account of Narrowing and Broadening

334

(15)

5.2.1 Consequences of the unified account

337

(6)

5.2.2 Arguments for the unified account

343

(6)

5.3 Metaphor: Loose Use and Ad Hoc Concepts

349

(10)

5.3.1 Where does metaphorical meaning come from?

349

(8)

5.3.2 Ad hoc concepts, explicature and indeterminacy

357

(2)

5.4 Word Meaning and Concepts

359

(5)

5.5 Conclusion: The Long Road from Linguistically Encoded Meaning to the Thought(s) Explicitly Communicated

364

(3)

Notes

367

(9)

Appendix 1: Relevance Theory Glossary

376

(6)

Appendix 2: Gricean Conversational Principles

382

(2)

References

384

(24)

Index

408

0631205969

Contributors

Introduction

(10)

I Discourse Analysis and Linguistics

(186)

1 Intonation and Discourse: Current Views from Within

(22)

ELIZABETH COUPER-KUHLEN

2 Cohesion and Texture

(19)

J. R. MARTIN

3 Discourse Markers: Language, Meaning, and Context

(22)

DEBORAH SCHIFFRIN

4 Discourse and Semantics

(24)

NEAL R. NORRICK

5 Discourse and Relevance Theory

100

(19)

DIANE BLAKEMORE

6 Discourse and Information Structure

119

(19)

GREGORY WARD AND BETTY J. BIRNER

7 Historical Discourse Analysis

138

(23)

LAUREL J. BRINTON

8 Typology and Discourse Analysis

161

(14)

JOHN MYHILL

9 Register Variation: A Corpus Approach

175

(22)

DOUGLAS BIBER AND SUSAN CONRAD

II The Linking of Theory and Practice in Discourse Analysis

197

(152)

10 Nine Ways of Looking at Apologies: The Necessity for Interdisciplinary Theory and Method in Discourse Analysis

199

(16)

ROBIN TOLMACH LAKOFF

11 Interactional Sociolinguistics: A Personal Perspective

215

(14)

JOHN J. GUMPERZ

12 Discourse as an Interactional Achievement III: The Omnirelevance of Action

229

(21)

EMANUEL A. SCHEGLOFF

13 Discourse and Interaction

250

(15)

MONICA HELLER

14 The Linguistic Structure of Discourse

265

(17)

LIVIA POLANYI

15 The Variationist Approach toward Discourse Structural Effects and Socio-interactional Dynamics

282

(22)

SYLVIE DUBOIS AND DAVID SANKOFF

16 Computer-assisted Text and Corpus Analysis: Lexical Cohesion and Communicative Competence

304

(17)

MICHAEL STUBBS

17 The Transcription of Discourse

321

(30)

JANE A. EDWARDS

III Discourse: Language, Context, and Interaction

349

(322)

A Political, Social, and Institutional Domains

351

(186)

18 Critical Discourse Analysis

352

(20)

TEUN A. VAN DIJK

19 Discourse and Racism

372

(26)

RUTH WODAK AND MARTIN REISIGL

20 Political Discourse

398

(18)

John Wilson

21 Discourse and Media

416

(21)

COLLEEN COTTER

22 Discourse Analysis in the Legal Context

437

(16)

ROGER W. SHUY

23 The Discourse of Medical Encounters

453

(17)

NANCY AINSWORTH-VAUGHN

24 Language and Medicine

470

(33)

SUZANNE FLEISCHMAN

25 Discourse in Educational Settings

503

(15)

CAROLYN TEMPLE ADGER

26 Narrative in Institutions

518

(19)

CHARLOTTE LINDE

B Culture, Community, and Genre

537

(134)

27 Discourse and Intercultural Communication

538

(10)

RON SCOLLON AND SUZANNE WONG SCOLLON

28 Discourse and Gender

548

(20)

SHARI KENDALL AND DEBORAH TANNEN

29 Discourse and Aging

568

(22)

HEIDI E. HAMILTON

30 Child Discourse

590

(22)

JENNY COOK-GUMPERZ AND AMY KYRATZIS

31 Computer-mediated Discourse

612

(23)

SUSAN C. HERRING

32 Discourse Analysis and Narrative

635

(15)

BARBARA JOHNSTONE

33 Discourse and Conflict

650

(23)

CHRISTINA KAKAVA

IV Discourse across Disciplines

671

(146)

34 The Analysis of Discourse Flow

673

(15)

WALLACE CHAFE

35 The Discursive Turn in Social Psychology

688

(19)

ROM HARRE

36 Discourse Analysis and Language Teaching

707

(18)

ELITE OLSHTAIN AND MARIANNE CELCE-MURCIA

37 Discourse Analysis in Communication

725

(25)

KAREN TRACY

38 Discourse and Sociology: Sociology and Discourse

750

(22)

ALLEN GRIMSHAW

39 Imagination in Discourse

772

(15)

HERBERT H. CLARK AND MIJA M. VAN DER INEGE

40 Literary Pragmatics

787

(11)

JACOB L. MEY

41 Computational Perspectives on Discourse and Dialog

798

(19)

BONNIE LYNN WEBBER

Index

817

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Thoughts and Utterances The Pragmatics of Explicit Communication

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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