Time-Resolved Diffraction

$Time-Resolved Diffraction by Helliwell, J. R.; Rentzepis, P. M., 9780198500322$

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ISBN: 9780198500322 | 0198500327
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/5/1998

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Recent technological advances in synchrotron and neutron sources, detectors, and computer hardware and software have made possible diffraction techniques which collect data at successive moments in time. This is the first book to bring together reviews and research articles covering the three branches of time-resolved diffraction--X-ray, electron, and neutron field. Time-Resolved Diffraction covers gases, liquids, amorphous solids, fibers, and crystals and does so in a multidisciplinary framework which includes examples from molecular biology and chemistry, as well as techniques from physics and materials science. The various time scales of data collection cover ten orders of magnitude, from the sub-pico domain to the kilosecond. Research scientists and graduate students will find this book the most complete compendium of work in this developing field.

1 Picosecond hard X-ray pulses and their application to time-resolved diffraction

(43)

I. V. Tomov

P. Chen

S. H. Lin

P. M. Rentzepis

1.1 Introduction

(2)

1.2 Generation of nano- and picosecond X-ray pulses in an optically excited X-ray diode

(21)

1.3 Picosecond time-resolved X-ray diffraction

(12)

1.4 X-ray diffraction with nanosecond pulses

(3)

1.5 Measurement of X-ray pulse duration by cross-correlation with a short laser pulse

(1)

1.6 Summary

(1)

Acknowledgements

(1)

References

(2)

2 Ultrafast X-ray diffraction and absorption

(27)

Christopher P. J. Barty

M. Ben-Nun

Ting Guo

Ferenc Raksi

Christoph Rose-Petruck

Jeff Squier

Kent R. Wilson

Vladislav V. Yakovlev

Peter M. Weber

Zhiming Jiang

Abdelaziz Ikhlef

Jean-Claude Kieffer

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Theory

(14)

2.3 Experiments

(8)

2.4 Summary and concluding remarks

(1)

Acknowledgements

(1)

References

(2)

3 Laser--plasma X-ray emission: its creation, diagnosis, and applications in transient diffraction

(35)

Allan A. Hauer

George A. Kyrala

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Characteristics of laser-plasma X-ray emission

(14)

3.3 Measurement of laser-plasma X-ray emission and other transient X-ray events

(10)

3.4 The use of laser--plasma X-ray emission in the diagnosis of plasma and hydrodynamic phenomena

(4)

Acknowledgements

100

(1)

References

100

(6)

4 X-ray diffraction dynamics of shock-compressed crystals

106

(31)

R. R. Whitlock

J. S. Wark

4.1 Introduction

106

(1)

4.2 X-ray sources and set-up

107

(10)

4.3 Laser X-ray diffraction shock experiments

117

(9)

4.4 Simulation of X-ray diffraction from shocked crystals

126

(3)

4.5 Comparison of simulations and experimental results

129

(3)

4.6 Conclusion

132

(1)

Acknowledgements

133

(1)

References

133

(4)

5 Materials science opportunities using time-resolved synchrotron X-ray scattering

137

(24)

B. C. Larson

J. Z. Tischler

5.1 Introduction

137

(1)

5.2 Real-time synchrotron measurements

138

(2)

5.3 Time-resolved experiment and detection techniques

140

(4)

5.4 Gated 2-D position-sensitive detectors

144

(2)

5.5 Materials science time-resolved opportunities

146

(11)

5.6 Conclusion

157

(1)

Acknowledgements

158

(1)

References

158

(3)

6 Overview of time-resolved macromolecular crystallography

161

(5)

J. R. Helliwell

6.1 The Laue method and recent developments

162

(5)

6.2 Monochromatic large-angle methods: Weissenberg, LOT

162

(1)

6.3 Time-resolved structural studies

163

(1)

6.4 Concluding remarks

163

(1)

References

163

(3)

7 Laue and monochromatic technique developments for time-resolved biological and perturbation chemical crystallography

166

(21)

G. Bradbrook

A. Deacon

J. Habash

J. R. Helliwell

M. Helliwell

Y. P. Nieh

J. Raftery

E. H. Snell

S. Trapani

A. W. Thompson

J. W. Campbell

N. M. Allinson

K. Moon

T. Ursby

M. Wulff

7.1 Introduction

166

(2)

7.2 Instrumentation

168

(3)

7.3 Laue protein crystal structure analyses: new developments and recent challenges

171

(7)

7.4 Monochromatic LOT data in protein crystallography

178

(4)

7.5 Summary: X-rays, electrons, and neutrons

182

(1)

Acknowledgements

183

(1)

References

183

(4)

8 Time-resolved protein crystal diffraction: determination by the Laue method of the behaviour of the enzyme hydroxymethylbilane synthase (Lys59Gln mutant) as it is loaded with substrate in the crystal

187

(8)

J. R. Helliwell

Y. P. Nieh

A. Cassetta

J. Raftery

A. Hadener

A. C. Niemann

A. R. Battersby

P. D. Carr

M. Wulff

T. Ursby

J. P. Moy

A. W. Thompson

8.1 General introduction

187

(1)

8.2 The enzyme HMBS

188

(1)

8.3 Time-resolved data acquisition scheme

188

(1)

8.4 Protein crystal diffraction data processing

189

(2)

8.5 Diffraction `titration' curve

191

(1)

8.6 Eventual red coloration of the crystal

191

(2)

8.7 Concluding remark

193

(1)

Acknowledgements

193

(1)

References

193

(2)

9 The realization of single pulse Laue diffraction on ESRF ID09 and shortcuts to 100 fs time resolution

195

(34)

Michael Wulff

Dominique Bourgeois

Thomas Ursby

Gerard Mourou

9.1 Introduction

195

(1)

9.2 Third-generation storage rings

196

(3)

9.3 Time structure and its potential for time-resolved studies

199

(2)

9.4 Insertion devices for time-resolved Laue diffraction

201

(3)

9.5 Optimization of the toroidal and parabolic mirror

204

(3)

9.6 The phase-locked chopper for single-bunch selection

207

(3)

9.7 Pulsed Laue diffraction on the cutinase enzyme

210

(2)

9.8 Intensity and angular distribution of a single pulse scattering experiment in water

212

(3)

9.9 The jitter-free streak camera for 100 fs time resolution

215

(2)

9.10 Strategies for optical triggering of macromolecular reactions

217

(9)

9.11 Conclusion

226

(1)

Acknowledgements

226

(1)

References

226

(3)

10 High-performance detectors for time-resolved non-crystalline X-ray diffraction

229

(31)

R. Lewis

10.1 Introduction

229

(2)

10.2 Detector categories

231

(1)

10.3 Detector requirements

232

(6)

10.4 The detectors

238

(14)

10.5 Detector comparisons

252

(4)

10.6 Conclusions and future prospects

256

(1)

Acknowledgements

257

(1)

References

257

(3)

11 Theory of ultrafast time-resolved X-ray and electron diffraction

260

(24)

C. H. Chao

S. H. Lin

W.-K. Liu

P. Rentzepis

11.1 Introduction

260

(1)

11.2 Time-resolved X-ray diffraction

261

(6)

11.3 Time-resolved electron diffraction

267

(2)

11.4 Vibrational relaxation

269

(2)

11.5 Kinetics of vaporization

271

(3)

11.6 Applications to diatomic molecules

274

(3)

11.7 Single-level X-ray and electron diffraction

277

(3)

11.8 Summary

280

(1)

Appendix A

280

(1)

Appendix B

281

(1)

Acknowledgements

282

(1)

References

282

(2)

12 Time-resolved surface electron diffraction

284

(39)

Hani E. Elsayed-Ali

Peter M. Weber

12.1 Introduction

284

(1)

12.2 Electron diffraction

285

(6)

12.3 Experimental apparatus for time-resolved electron diffraction

291

(11)

12.4 The heat diffusion model

302

(5)

12.5 Time-resolved RHEED studies of metal surfaces

307

(11)

12.6 Summary

318

(1)

Acknowledgements

319

(1)

References

319

(4)

13 Time-resolved electron diffraction: a method to study the structural and vibrational kinetics of photoexcited molecules

323

(68)

Anatoli A. Ischenko

Lothar Schafer

John D. Ewbank

13.1 Introduction

323

(2)

13.2 Experiment

325

(9)

13.3 Some general aspects of electron scattering theory

334

(4)

13.4 Data analyses from cumulant expansions

338

(7)

13.5 Time-dependent studies of non-dissociating systems and products of photodissociation

345

(12)

13.6 Structural kinetics of laser-induced dissociation and predissociation processes

357

(14)

13.7 Coherent nuclear dynamics in laser-excited spatially anisotropic molecular ensembles

371

(11)

13.8 Complementarity of time-resolved spectroscopic and TRED measurements

382

(2)

Acknowledgements

384

(1)

References

384

(7)

14 Time-resolved electron diffraction and microscopy studies of membrane proteins

391

(10)

Richard Henderson

Nigel Unwin

14.1 Apparatus

392

(3)

14.2 Bacteriorhodopsin

395

(2)

14.3 Acetylcholine receptor

397

(1)

14.4 Other freeze-trapping examples to illustrate the method

398

(1)

14.5 Conclusion

399

(1)

References

399

(2)

15 Pulsed neutron diffraction: new opportunities in time-resolved crystallography

401

(36)

C. C. Wilson

R. I. Smith

15.1 Introduction

401

(4)

15.2 Applications of time-resolved neutron diffraction

405

(2)

15.3 Pulsed source diffractometers: the ISIS suite

407

(5)

15.4 Applications

412

(18)

15.5 Future prospects

430

(3)

Acknowledgements

433

(1)

References

433

(4)

Index

437

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Time-Resolved Diffraction

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