Tip Enhancement

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ISBN: 9780444520586 | 0444520589
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 2/20/2007

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This book discusses the recent advances in the area of near-field Raman scattering, mainly focusing on tip-enhanced and surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Some of the key features covered here are the optical structuring and manipulations, single molecule sensitivity, analysis of single-walled carbon nanotubes, and analytic applications in chemistry, biology and material sciences. This book also discusses the plasmonic materials for better enhancement, and optical antennas. Further, near-field microscopy based on second harmonic generation is also discussed. Chapters have been written by some of the leading scientists in this field, who present some of their recent work in this field. · Near-field Raman scattering · Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy · Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy · Nano-photonics · Nanoanalysis of Physical, chemical and biological materials beyond the diffraction limits · Single molecule detection

List of Contributors	p. v
Preface	p. ix
Plasmonic materials for surface-enhanced and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy	p. 1
Introduction	p. 3
Nanosphere lithography	p. 5
Size- and shape-tunable localized surface plasmon resonance spectra	p. 6
Fundamentals of localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy	p. 7
Electrodynamic calculations	p. 7
The distance dependence of the localized surface plasmon resonance	p. 9
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy	p. 14
Wavelength-scanned surface-enhanced Raman excitation spectroscopy	p. 15
SERS enhancement factor calculation	p. 25
SERS distance dependence by atomic layer deposition	p. 27
2D correlation analysis of SMSERS and single nanoparticle SERS data	p. 29
Tip-enhanced Raman scattering	p. 31
TERS force dependence using AFM	p. 34
Conclusion and outlook	p. 35
Acknowledgments	p. 36
References	p. 37
Towards single molecule sensitivity in surface-enhanced Raman scattering	p. 41
Introduction	p. 43
Experiments and numerical analysis	p. 48
Experimental set up for SERS measurement	p. 48
Ag nanoparticles preparation	p. 48
Numerical analysis of the local electric field and elastic scattering spectra for metal nanostructures	p. 50
Results and discussion	p. 53
Hot particles in SERS	p. 53
Local field evaluation on the Ag nanoparticles	p. 55
Origin of the blinking	p. 63
Blinking at room temperature	p. 63
Blinking at low temperature	p. 66
Critical importance of the junction for SMS-SERS	p. 70
Elastic scattering experiments	p. 70
Numerical simulations of elastic scattering spectra	p. 72
Emission spectra	p. 79
Summary	p. 83
Acknowledgment	p. 84
References	p. 84
Near-field effects in tip-enhanced Raman scattering	p. 87
Introduction	p. 89
Tip enhancement of Raman scattering	p. 90
Metallic probe as a nanolight source	p. 90
Enhancement mechanism for Rhodamine 6G	p. 91
RRS and SERRS spectra of R6G	p. 92
TERS spectra of R6G	p. 94
Near-field Raman scattering from Carbon-60	p. 98
The gap-mode enhancement	p. 98
Tip-force effect on C60	p. 100
Tip-enhanced nonlinear optical spectroscopy	p. 105
Photon confinement due to nonlinear optical effect	p. 105
Tip-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering	p. 106
Experimental system	p. 109
Tip-enhanced CARS images of DNA clusters	p. 110
Conclusion	p. 112
References	p. 112
Use of tip-enhanced vibrational spectroscopy for analytical applications in chemistry, biology, and materials science	p. 115
Introduction	p. 117
Setups for tip-enhanced vibrational spectroscopy	p. 118
Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS)	p. 118
Tip-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (TE-CARS)	p. 119
Scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM)	p. 121
Tip fabrication	p. 123
Enhancement factors and lateral resolution	p. 125
TERS contrasts and enhancement factors	p. 125
Comparison of TERS contrasts and enhancement factors	p. 132
Lateral resolution in apertureless near-field microscopy	p. 134
Chemical applications	p. 135
Dyes	p. 135
Catalysis	p. 135
Microfluidics and chromatography	p. 137
Biological applications	p. 138
Biopolymers	p. 138
Viruses and biological tissues	p. 141
Applications in materials science	p. 143
Nanotubes	p. 143
Material-specific mapping	p. 145
Semiconductors	p. 148
SERS substrates	p. 149
Conclusions and outlook	p. 150
Acknowledgments	p. 152
References	p. 153
Tip-enhanced optical spectroscopy of single-walled carbon nanotubes	p. 157
Introduction	p. 159
Experimental setup	p. 160
Single-walled carbon nanotubes	p. 161
Near-field Raman spectroscopy of SWCNTs	p. 163
Near-field photoluminescence spectroscopy of SWCNTs	p. 167
Discussion of the signal enhancement and the image contrast	p. 170
Conclusions and outlook	p. 172
Acknowledgments	p. 173
References	p. 173
Scanning nano-Raman spectroscopy of silicon and other semiconducting materials	p. 177
Introduction	p. 179
Side-illumination geometry and preparation of tips	p. 182
Apparent enhancement and its localization	p. 184
Tip enhancement and contrast	p. 189
Improving contrast for silicon	p. 191
Optical properties of the apertureless tips	p. 197
Summary and outlook	p. 201
Acknowledgments	p. 202
References	p. 202
Near-field optical structuring and manipulation based on local field enhancement in the vicinity of metal nano structures	p. 205
Introduction: context and motivation	p. 207
General consideration on the optics of metal nanostructures	p. 211
Tip-enhanced optical lithography (TEOL)	p. 217
TEOL on inorganic material	p. 218
TEOL on photopolymer	p. 220
NFOL based on localized 3-D surface plasmons	p. 227
Mask-based surface plasmon lithography	p. 229
Conclusion	p. 231
Acknowledgments	p. 231
References	p. 232
Apertureless near-field microscopy of second-harmonic generation	p. 235
Introduction	p. 237
Second-harmonic generation imaging with SNOM	p. 240
SHG in the presence of a probe tip	p. 242
SHG from a probe tip: a localized light source	p. 244
Tip-enhanced surface SHG	p. 245
Self-consistent model of second-harmonic ASNOM	p. 247
Second-harmonic ASNOM: experimental realisation	p. 251
SHG enhancement at conical objects	p. 254
SHG from a metal tip apex	p. 256
SHG ASNOM applications for functional materials characterisation	p. 264
Conclusion	p. 270
Acknowledgments	p. 271
References	p. 272
Resonant optical antennas and single emitters	p. 275
Introduction	p. 277
Antenna basics	p. 279
Field enhancement in resonant dipole antennas	p. 281
Emission of radiation from dipole antennas	p. 282
Antenna equivalent circuit	p. 283
Antenna impedance	p. 284
True current distribution in a thin dipole antenna	p. 285
Antennas for light	p. 289
Introduction	p. 289
Light confinement by resonant dipole antennas	p. 290
Nonplasmonic optical antenna	p. 290
Plasmonic optical antenna	p. 292
Light confinement by a resonant bowtie antenna	p. 294
Fabrication and characterization of resonant optical antennas	p. 294
Single dipole emitters coupled to optical antennas	p. 297
Properties of single dipole emitters near metal nano structures	p. 300
Experimental realization: creating an antenna-based super-emitter	p. 302
Conclusion	p. 304
Acknowledgments	p. 304
References	p. 304
Author index	p. 309
Subject index	p. 321
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Tip Enhancement

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