Title IX : A Brief History with Documents

Title IX represents a watershed in the history of girls' and women's education. In 1971, the year before Title IX was passed, fewer than 295,000 high school girls and 30,000 college women participated in their schools' athletic programs. By 2001, those numbers had increased to 2.8 million and 150,000, respectively. Through this rich collection of documents, Susan Ware shows how athletics, once viewed as a privilege, came to be seen as a right. In her introduction, she examines Title IX within the broader social and legislative history of the late twentieth century, providing her readers with a clear account of the changes taking place in educational institutions and in athletics more specifically. Her selections, each accompanied by a headnote providing context, offer a wide variety of perspectives, highlighting controversies surrounding the legislation that continue to the present. Document headnotes, a chronology, questions for consideration, and a selected bibliography offer additional pedagogical support.

SUSAN WARE specializes in twentieth-century U.S. history and the history of American women. In addition to serving as editor of the biographical dictionary Notable American Women: Completing the Twentieth Century (2004), she is the author and editor of numerous books, including It's One O'Clock and Here Is Mary Margaret McBride: A Radio Biography (2005); Still Missing: Amelia Earhart and the Search for Modern Feminism (1993); and Partner and I: Molly Dewson, Feminism, and New Deal Politics (1987). Ware was the chair of the Scholars Advisory Committee for and wrote the introduction to American Women: A Library of Congress Guide for the Study of Women's History and Culture in the United States (2001).

PART ONE
INTRODUCTION: TITLE IX: THIRTY-SEVEN WORDS THAT CHANGED AMERICAN SPORTS
    The Passage and Early Years of Title IX
    Women's Sports in Historical Perspective
    Stalemate and New Challenges
    Toward Gender Equity
    Unintended Consequences and Unfinished Agendas
    
PART TWO
THE DOCUMENTS
    The Back Story
       1. Bernice R. Sandler, "Too Strong for a Woman" -- The Five Words That Created Title IX, 1997
       2. Bil Gilbert and Nancy Williamson, Sport is Unfair to Women, May 28, 1973
    The Early Years of Title IX
       3. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Draft Regulations for Interscholastic and Intercollegiate Athletics, June 20, 1974
       4. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Regulations on Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Sex, June 4, 1975
       5. U.S. Senate, Hearings before the Subcommittee on Education of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, September 16 and 18, 1975
       6. Ralph J. Sabock, Football: It Pays the Bills, Son, October 5, 1975
       7. Margaret Dunkle, Competitive Athletics: In Search of Equal Opportunity, 1976
       8. Joni Barnett and the Yale Women's Crew, Yale Women's Crew Strips in Title IX Protest, March 1976
       9. Project on Equal Education Rights, Stalled at the Start: Government Action on Sex Bias in the Schools, 1978
       10. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Policy Interpretation: Title IX and Intercollegiate Athletics, December 11, 1979
       11. Kenneth H. Bastian, Jr., Thank Title IX for Some of That Gold, August 5, 1984
    An Increasingly Polarized Debate
       12. Cohen et al. v. Brown University, December 22, 1992
       13. Amy Cohen, Winning a Losing Battle, 1992
       14.National Collegiate Athletic Association, Final Report of the NCAA Gender-Equity Task Force, July 26, 1993
       15. Cynthia Lee A. Pemberton, One Woman's Fight for Gender Equity in Sport, 2002
       16. U.S. House of Representatives, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Postsecondary Education, Training, and Life-long Learning of the Committee on Economic and Educational Opportunities, May 9, 1995
       17. Angie Watts, High School Athletes Talk about Gender Equity, 1998
       18. Jessica Gavora, A Conservative Critique of Title IX, 2002
    Title IX and American Culture
       19. Donna Lopiano, A Women-centered View of Sport, 1986
       20. James L. Shulman and William G. Bowen, Female Athletes and the Game of Life, 2001
       21. Women's Sports Foundation, Title IX and Race in Intercollegiate Sport, 2003
       22. Welch Suggs, Title IX Has Done Little for Minority Female Athletes, November 30, 2001
       23. Lucy Jane Bledsoe, Homophobia in Women's Sports, 1997
       24. National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education, Title IX at 30: Report Card on Gender Equity, 2002
       25. Susan Campbell, Cheers for Title IX, June 22, 2005
    
  Appendixes
    A Chronology of Title IX and Related Events (1964–2005)
    Questions for Consideration
    Selected Bibliography
    
  Index