Toxicology of Reptiles

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ISBN: 9780849327155 | 0849327156
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 10/10/2005

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Toxicology of Reptiles cohesively summarizes much of the cutting-edge research taking place in fields such as reptilian endocrinology, neurophysiology, immunology, and ecology. This volume also addresses conservation needs along with the complications often associated with population studies. The text is easy to synthesize and apply in the evaluation and understanding of potential risks to reptiles from environmental contaminants. This book provides a comprehensive description of the current state of knowledge of reptilian toxicology from the perspective of target organ systems. It covers major contaminant classes within each chapter, focusing on contaminants of greatest concern.

Introduction to Reptilian Toxicology

(9)

Susan C. Gardner

Book Overview

(1)

Reptilian Toxicology

(6)

Summary

(2)

Global Threats Affecting the Status of Reptile Populations

(26)

Lisa Irwin

Kelly Irwin

Introduction

(2)

Life History Characteristics and Ecologic Traits Related to Decline Susceptibility

(3)

Life Span and Sexual Maturity

(2)

Detectability of Population Declines

(1)

Geographic Distribution

(1)

Threats Resulting from Alteration or Loss of Habitat

(3)

Conversion to Agriculture

(1)

Deforestation

(1)

Habitat Fragmentation

(1)

Aquatic Habitat Alteration

(1)

Coastal Development

(1)

Loss of Wetlands

(1)

Other Habitat Issues

(1)

Threats Resulting from Nonanthropogenic Causes

(2)

Disease

(1)

Drought

(1)

Stochastic Events

(1)

Commercial Exploitation and Unsustainable Use

(3)

Consumptive Uses

(2)

Commercial Trade

(1)

Pet Trade

(1)

Other Threats

(3)

Exotic and Invasive Species Introductions

(2)

Indirect Impacts

(1)

Summary

(9)

Literature Cited

(8)

Use of Tissue Residues in Reptile Ecotoxicology: A Call for Integration and Experimentalism

(28)

William A. Hopkins

Introduction

(3)

A Comment on Biological Effects

(1)

A Call for Integration and Experimentalism

(7)

Applying the Integrative Approach

(9)

Mechanisms of Contaminant Uptake in Juveniles and Adults

(2)

Mechanisms of Contaminant Uptake in Embryos

(2)

Factors Influencing Accumulation and Distribution among Tissues

(4)

Contaminant Transport in Ecologic Systems

(1)

Summary

(9)

Acknowledgments

(1)

Literature Cited

(7)

Tools for Assessing Contaminant Exposure and Effects in Reptiles

(60)

Carys L. Mitchelmore

Christopher L. Rowe

Allen R. Place

Introduction

(6)

Overview

(1)

Tools to Assess Contaminant Exposure and Effects (Biomarkers)

(3)

Assessing Contaminant Exposure and Effects in Reptiles --- Why?

(2)

Current Status of Reptilian Biomarker Research

(41)

Molecular Biomarkers

(2)

mRNA Isolation

(1)

Northern Blotting

(1)

Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

(3)

Open-Ended Methods

(1)

Differential Display Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction

(1)

Gene Arrays

(1)

Biochemical Biomarkers

(1)

Phase I Biotransformation; Cytochrome P450 Enzyme System

(7)

Phase II Enzymes

(3)

Antioxidant Enzymes and Factors

(2)

Steroid Hormone and Protein Biomarkers

(3)

Esterases

(2)

Additional Plasma and Serum Endpoints

(1)

Cellular Biomarkers

(1)

Tissue and Organ System Biomarkers

(1)

Gross Indices

100

(1)

Histologic Endpoints

101

(2)

Developmental Indicators

103

(3)

Individual Responses

106

(1)

Bioenergetics: Metabolic Pathways and Regulation of Growth and Reproduction

106

(1)

Growth

107

(1)

Reproduction

108

(2)

Behavior

110

(1)

Summary and Conclusions

111

(12)

Literature Cited

112

(11)

Hepatic, Renal, and Adrenal Toxicology

123

(26)

Patricia McClellan-Green

Malin Celander

Eva Oberdorster

Introduction

124

(1)

Liver Anatomy

124

(1)

Liver Function in Homeostasis

125

(4)

Carbohydrate Metabolism

126

(1)

Lipid Metabolism

127

(1)

Protein Metabolism and Vitellogenesis

128

(1)

Liver Function in Metabolism of Xenobiotics

129

(5)

Phase I and II Enzymes

130

(2)

Antioxidant Defense System

132

(2)

Disease of the Liver

134

(1)

Kidney Anatomy

135

(1)

Kidney Function in Homeostasis

136

(4)

pH and Ion Balance

136

(1)

Adrenals

137

(1)

The Renin--Angiotensin and Vasopressin Systems

137

(1)

Adrenal Functions and Stress

138

(1)

Hormone Metabolism and Hormone Receptors

139

(1)

Kidney Function in Metabolism of Xenobiotics and in Antioxidant Defense

140

(1)

Kidney as a Target Organ for Metals

141

(1)

Summary and Connections to Other Chapters

141

(8)

Literature Cited

141

(8)

Developmental and Reproductive Effects

149

(24)

Emily Willingham

An Overview

150

(2)

Focusing on Endocrine Disruptors

150

(1)

Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination

150

(2)

Signal Interference: Disrupting a Delicate Developmental Balance

152

(4)

Developmental Mechanisms

153

(1)

A Mechanistic Example Using the Reptilian Developmental Model

154

(2)

Species-Specific Considerations

156

(1)

A Toxicologic Shift

156

(7)

Reptilian Models

159

(1)

No Threshold/Low Doses/Ecologic Relevance

159

(1)

Endpoints: Hidden Disruption

160

(1)

Considering Mixture Effects During Development

160

(1)

Developmental Synergy

161

(1)

Species-Specific Considerations

162

(1)

The State-of-the-Science for Developmental Investigations in Reptiles

163

(3)

Turtles

163

(1)

Crocodilians

164

(1)

Squamates

165

(1)

Future Considerations

166

(7)

Literature Cited

167

(6)

Neurotoxicology and Behavioral Effects in Reptiles

173

(26)

Joanna Burger

Introduction

174

(1)

Major Issues with Neurotoxicology and Behavioral Effects Studies

175

(5)

Study Design

175

(3)

Host Differences

178

(1)

Family and Species Vulnerabilities

179

(1)

Individual vs. Populations

179

(1)

Fate to Effects: The Problem with Reptile Studies

180

(1)

The Nervous System

181

(2)

Comparative Neuroanatomy

181

(1)

Neuroendocrine Axis

182

(1)

From Brain to Behavior

182

(1)

Reptilian Models of Neurobehavioral Deficits

183

(6)

Neurobehavioral Effects

183

(1)

Temperature-Dependent Neurobehavioral Effects in Pine Snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus)

184

(1)

Neurobehavioral Deficits from Lead Exposure in Slider Turtles (Trachemys scripta)

185

(3)

Other Neurobehavioral Effects That Can Serve as Models

188

(1)

Endocrine Disruption and Neurotoxicology

189

(1)

Summary and Research Directions

189

(10)

Summary

189

(1)

Future Research Needs

190

(3)

Acknowledgments

193

(1)

Literature Cited

194

(5)

Immunotoxicology and Implications for Reptilian Health

199

(42)

Jennifer M. Keller

Margie M. Peden-Adams

A. Alonso Aguirre

Introduction to the Reptilian Immune System

200

(4)

Wildlife Immunotoxicology

204

(1)

Reptilian Immunotoxicology

204

(18)

Western Fence Lizards

205

(1)

Box Turtles

205

(1)

American Alligators

206

(1)

DDT and Dicofol

206

(1)

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin

207

(1)

DDE, TCDD, and Phytoestrogens

208

(2)

Sea Turtles

210

(1)

Petrochemicals

211

(2)

Organochlorine Contaminants

213

(6)

Heavy Metals

219

(1)

Fibropapillomatosis

220

(2)

Future Directions

222

(9)

Testing Additional Contaminant Classes

223

(1)

Choosing Reptilian Model Species

223

(1)

Improving Immune Assessment Tools

224

(1)

General Considerations

225

(2)

Hematology Tools

227

(1)

Innate Immunity Tools

228

(1)

Acquired Immunity Tools

228

(2)

Host-Resistance Tools

230

(1)

Conclusions

231

(10)

Acknowledgments

231

(1)

Literature Cited

232

(9)

Reptilian Genotoxicity

241

(26)

Apolonia Novillo

Noppadon Kitana

Emily Marquez

Ian P. Callard

Introduction

242

(4)

Historical Perspective of Genotoxicity and Genetic Ecotoxicology

242

(1)

Genotoxic Compounds and Agents in the Environment

243

(1)

Linking the Mechanism of Genotoxicity with Its Consequences

244

(2)

The Use of Reptilian Species in the Study of Aquatic and Terrestrial Genotoxicity

246

(6)

Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect in Reptilian Populations

249

(1)

DNA Damage as a Biomarker of Exposure

249

(2)

Neoplasia as a Biomarker of Effect

251

(1)

Reptilian Models for Studies of Genotoxicity

252

(7)

Chelonia

252

(1)

Direct DNA Damage

252

(2)

Potential Reproductive Impairments

254

(1)

Potential Immune Suppression

255

(1)

Squamates

256

(1)

Tumorigenesis

256

(1)

Radiation Studies

257

(1)

Suggestions for Future Models

257

(1)

Crocodylia

258

(1)

Summary

259

(8)

Acknowledgments

260

(1)

Literature Cited

260

(7)

Reptile Ecotoxicology: Studying the Effects of Contaminants on Populations

267

(32)

Kyle W. Selcer

Populations: Theory and Background

268

(5)

Ecotoxicology and the Importance of Population Studies

268

(2)

Why Study Reptiles? Implications for Ecotoxicology

270

(1)

Properties of Populations

271

(1)

Impact of Contaminants on Populations

272

(1)

Life History Characteristics

273

(5)

Life History Strategies

273

(1)

Life History Strategies of Reptiles

274

(1)

Clutch Size or Offspring Number

275

(1)

Egg or Offspring Quality

276

(1)

Frequency of Reproduction

276

(2)

Age and Size at First Reproduction

278

(1)

Difficulties with Reptile Toxicology at the Population Level

278

(4)

Separating Effects of Contaminants from Other Factors

278

(1)

Selecting Appropriate Endpoints

279

(1)

Unique Aspects of Reptile Populations

280

(1)

Current Needs and Future Directions

281

(1)

Need for Reptile Contamination Studies to Include Population Parameters

281

(1)

Need for Nondestructive Sampling

281

(1)

Need to Identify Reptile Model Organisms to Serve as Sentinels, Surrogates, and Bioindicators

282

(1)

Candidate Reptile Species for Use as Sentinels

282

(17)

Chelonia (Turtles)

282

(1)

Freshwater Aquatic Turtles

283

(1)

Red-Eared Slider Turtle (Trachemys scripta)

284

(1)

Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta)

284

(1)

Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina)

284

(1)

Softshell Turtles (Apalone spp.)

285

(1)

Diamondback Terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin)

285

(1)

Sea Turtles

285

(1)

Terrestrial Turtles

286

(1)

Box Turtles (Terrapene spp.)

286

(1)

Desert Tortoises (Gopherus spp.)

286

(1)

Lacertes (Lizards)

287

(1)

Fence and Prairie Lizards (Sceloporus undulatus and S. occidentalis)

287

(1)

Mediterranean Gecko (Hemidactylus turcicus)

288

(1)

Green Anole (Anolis carolinensis)

288

(1)

Serpentes (Snakes)

288

(1)

Water Snakes (Nerodia spp.)

289

(1)

Garter Snakes (Thamnophis spp.)

289

(1)

Crocodylia (Alligators and Crocodiles)

290

(1)

American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)

290

(1)

Literature Cited

290

(9)

Index

299

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Toxicology of Reptiles

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials