Trace Metals in Aquatic Systems

This book provides a detailed examination of the concentration, form and cycling of trace metals and metalloids through the aquatic biosphere, and has sections dealing with the atmosphere, the ocean, lakes and rivers. It discusses exchanges at the water interface (air/water and sediment/water) and the major drivers of the cycling, concentration and form of trace metals in aquatic systems. The initial chapters focus on the fundamental principles and modelling approaches needed to understand metal concentration, speciation and fate in the aquatic environment, while the later chapters focus on specific environments, with case studies and research highlights.

Specific examples deal with metals that are of particular scientific interest, such as mercury, iron, arsenic and zinc, and the book deals with both pollutant and required (nutrient) metals and metalloids. The underlying chemical principles controlling toxicity and bioavailability of these elements to microorganisms and to the aquatic food chain are also discussed.

Readership: Graduate students studying environmental chemistry and related topics, as well as scientists and managers interested in the cycling of trace substances in aqueous systems

Additional resources for this book can be found at: www.wiley.com/go/mason/tracemetals.

Robert Mason is a Professor in the Departments of Marine Sciences and Chemistry at the University of Connecticut. His research focuses on the chemistry, fate, transport and bioaccumulation of trace metals in the marine and freshwater environments, with a focus on exchanges at the primary interfaces (air/water and sediment/water) and on transformations (methylation/demethylation, oxidation/reduction). Mercury biogeochemistry has been the primary focus of much of his research.

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 A Historical Background to Metal Aquatic Chemistry

1.2. Historical Problems with Metal Measurements in Environmental Media

1.3 Recent Advances in Aquatic Metal Analysis
Chapter 2: An Introduction to the Cycling of Metals in the Biosphere

2.1 The Hydrologic Cycle

2.2 An Introduction to the Global Cycling of Trace Metals
 
2.3 Global Cycles of Some Important Trace Metals

2.4 Chapter Summary – Main Points

Chapter 3: Chemical Thermodynamics and Metal(loid) Complexation in Natural Waters

3.1 Thermodynamic Background for Understanding Trace Metal(loid) Complexation 

3.2 Bonding, Electronic Configuration and Complex Formation

3.3 Complexation of Metals in Solution

3.4 Trace Metal Interactions with the Solid Phase

3.5. Redox Transformations and Thermodynamic Calculations

3.6. Chapter Summary

Chapter 4: Modeling Approaches to Estimating Speciation and Interactions in Aqueous Systems

4.1 Introduction
 
4.2 The Underlying Basis and Application of Chemical Equilibrium Models

4.3 Adsorption Modeling

4.4 Modeling Interactions between Cations and Organic Matter and Inorganic Surfaces

4.5 Modeling Redox Transformations

4.6 Modeling the Kinetics of Reactions

4.7 Incorporating Kinetics and Thermodynamics into Fate and Transport Modeling

4.8. Chapter Summary

Chapter 5: Metal(loid)s in the Atmosphere and their Inputs to Surface Waters

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Atmospheric Transport and Deposition

5.3 Atmospheric Chemistry and Surface Water Photochemistry of Metals

5.4 Solubilization of Aerosol Metal(loid)s in Natural Waters

5.5 Focus Topics
 
5.6 Inputs of Atmospheric Metals to the Biosphere

5.7 Chapter Summary

Chapter 6: Trace Metal(loid)s in Marine Waters

6.1 Introduction
 
6.2 Metal(loid) Partitioning in Coastal and Open Ocean Waters

6.3 Metals in Coastal and Offshore Sediments

6.4 Metal Distributions in Open Ocean Waters

6.5 Chapter Summary

Chapter 7: Trace Metals in Freshwater

7.1 Overview of Metal cycling in Freshwaters

7.2 Trace Element Cycling in Lakes

7.3 Trace Elements in Rivers and Groundwater

7.4 Human Activities and Their Impact on Trace metal(loid) Concentration in Drinking Water and Receiving Waters

7.5 Metal Stable Isotopes and Their Uses

7.6 Chapter Summary

Chapter 8: Trace Metals and Organisms: Essential and Toxic Metals, Organometallics, Microbial Processes and Metal Bioaccumulation

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Mechanisms of Metal Accumulation by Microorganisms

8.3 Essential Trace Metals    

8.4 Organometallic Compounds and Microbial Transformation of Metals

8.5 Bioavailability and Bioaccumulation

8.6 Chapter Summary

Index

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