Treatment of Pediatric Neurologic Disorders

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ISBN: 9780824726935 | 0824726936
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 4/12/2005

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This reference discusses state-of-the-art methods for the management of children with conditions affecting the nervous system-providing over 80 chapters that outline direct, logical approaches to numerous pediatric neurologic disorders using clear tables, algorithms, and figures for quick reference to key material.

Preface

xvii

Contributors

xxi

Craniosynostosis

(6)

Benjamin S. Carson, Sr.

Introduction

(1)

Differential Diagnosis

(2)

Treatment

(1)

Surgical Intervention

(2)

Neurological Management of Myelomeningocele and Holoprosencephaly

(8)

Stephen L. Kinsman

Introduction

(1)

Myelomeningocele

(3)

Holoprosencephaly

(5)

Spasticity / Cerebral Palsy

(10)

April Puscavage

Alec Hoon

Introduction

(1)

Diagnosis/Clinical Features

(1)

Therapy Overview

(1)

Treatment of Spasticity

(4)

Treatment of Extrapyramidal Disorders

(1)

Medication Management

(1)

Associated Problems

(1)

Complementary Alternative Medicine (CAM)

(1)

Conclusions

(3)

Hydrocephalus

(12)

Anthony M. Avellino

Introduction

(1)

Clinical Pathology---Site of Obstruction

(3)

Clinical Features

(1)

Diagnosis

(1)

Treatment

(5)

Prognosis

(1)

Summary

(2)

Scoliosis

(6)

Leslie A. Morrison

Introduction

(1)

Diagnosis and Evaluation

(2)

Treatment

(2)

Summary

(2)

Chiari Malformations

(6)

Jon Weingart

Introduction

(1)

Clinical Presentation

(1)

Treatment

(2)

Outcomes

(2)

Status Epilepticus

(6)

Elizabeth A. Thiele

Introduction

(1)

Etiology

(2)

Therapy

(4)

The Evaluation of a Child with a First Seizure

(6)

John M. Freeman

Introduction

(1)

Importance of History in Diagnosis of an Episode

(6)

Neonatal Seizures

(8)

Ann M. Bergin

Introduction

(1)

Clinical Features

(1)

Therapy

(4)

Prognosis

(1)

Summary

(2)

Absence Seizures

(4)

Edwin C. Myer

Introduction

(1)

Diagnosis

(1)

Evaluation

(1)

Treatment

(2)

Febrile Seizures

(6)

Shlomo Shinnar

Introduction

(1)

Diagnostic Evaluation

(1)

Therapy

(2)

Prognosis

(1)

Conclusions

(1)

Lennox--Gastaut Syndrome

(6)

Adeline Vanderver

William Davis Gaillard

Introduction

(1)

Diagnosis

(1)

Evaluation---Etiology

(1)

Treatment

(2)

Prognosis

(1)

Summary

(2)

Landau--Kleffner Syndrome (LKS) and Epilepsy with Continuous Spike-Waves During Slow-Wave Sleep (CSWS)

(6)

William H. Trescher

Introduction

(1)

Clinical Features

(1)

Diagnosis

(1)

Treatment

(1)

Prognosis

(1)

Summary

(1)

Diagnosis and Treatment of Subacute Language Regression, With or Without Seizures

(3)

Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy

(6)

Traci D. Swink

Introduction

(1)

Clinical Features

(1)

Differential Diagnosis

(2)

Treatment

(2)

Summary

(1)

Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsy

(6)

Joan A. Conry

Introduction

(1)

Unverricht--Lundorg Disease

(1)

Mitochondrial Epilepsy With Ragged Red Fibers (MERRF)

(1)

Lafora Body Disease

(1)

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (NCL)

(1)

Sialidosis (Cherry-Red Spot Myoclonus Syndrome)

(1)

Uncommon Causes of PME

(1)

Diagnosis

100

(1)

Treatment

101

(1)

Summary

101

(2)

Intractable Epilepsy

103

(8)

Eric H. Kossoff

Introduction

103

(1)

Diagnostic Options

103

(3)

Treatment

106

(5)

Infantile Spasms

111

(6)

Eric H. Kossoff

Introduction

111

(1)

Diagnosis and Evaluation

111

(1)

Treatment

111

(3)

Prognosis

114

(1)

Summary

114

(3)

Benign Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes

117

(4)

James E. Rubenstein

Introduction

117

(1)

Diagnosis and Evaluation

117

(1)

Treatment

118

(1)

Summary

118

(3)

Rasmussen's Syndrome

121

(4)

Eileen P.G. Vining

Introduction

121

(1)

Etiology

121

(1)

Clinical Aspects

122

(1)

Treatment

123

(1)

The Future

123

(2)

Treatment of Tourette Syndrome

125

(8)

Harvey S. Singer

Overview

125

(1)

Evaluation and Education

126

(1)

Treatment

126

(7)

Chorea in Children

133

(6)

Lori C. Jordan

Harvey S. Singer

Introduction

133

(1)

Diagnosis/Clinical Features

133

(1)

Therapy

133

(4)

Prognosis

137

(1)

Summary

137

(2)

Dystonia (DRD, Primary, and Secondary)

139

(6)

Jonathan W. Mink

Introduction

139

(1)

Diagnosis and Evaluation

139

(1)

Specific Disorders and Treatment

139

(4)

Prognosis

143

(1)

Summary

144

(1)

Tremor in Childhood

145

(6)

Leon S. Dure, IV

Introduction

145

(1)

Diagnosis/Clinical Features

145

(1)

Evaluation

146

(1)

Treatment

147

(1)

Summary

148

(3)

Myoclonus

151

(10)

Michael R. Pranzatelli

Introduction

151

(1)

Diagnosis/Clinical Features

151

(1)

Therapy

152

(5)

Prognosis

157

(1)

Summary

158

(3)

Combined Muscle and Brain Diseases

161

(6)

Ronald D. Cohn

Disorders of Protein Glycosylation, ``Dystroglycanopathies''

161

(2)

Congenital Muscular Dystrophy Due To Laminin α2 Deficiency

163

(1)

Myotonic Dystrophy, Steinert's Disease, DM1

163

(2)

Congenital Fiber Type Disproportion

165

(2)

Inflammatory Neuropathies: Guillan-Barre Syndrome (GBS) and Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP)

167

(10)

Charlotte J. Sumner

Introduction

167

(1)

Guillan-Barre Syndrome (GBS)

167

(4)

Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculopathy (CIDP)

171

(3)

Summary

174

(3)

Treatment of Peripheral Neuropathies

177

(8)

Robert Ouvrier

Monique M. Ryan

Anthony Redmond

Introduction

177

(1)

Diagnosis

177

(1)

General Management

178

(6)

Prognosis

184

(1)

Congenital Myopathies

185

(6)

Monique M. Ryan

Kathryn N. North

Introduction

185

(1)

Diagnosis and Clinical Features

185

(1)

Therapeutic Concerns

185

(1)

Prevention

186

(1)

Monitoring and Prospective Detection of Medical Complications

187

(1)

Risk Management

187

(1)

Symptomatic Therapy and Rehabilitation

187

(3)

Prognosis

190

(1)

Therapy for Spinal Muscular Atrophy

191

(10)

Thomas O. Crawford

Introduction

191

(1)

SMN-Related SMA

191

(8)

Other Spinal Muscular Atrophy Syndromes

199

(2)

Therapy for Neuromuscular Junction Disorders

201

(8)

Thomas O. Crawford

Introduction

201

(1)

Specific Disorders

202

(7)

Therapy for Muscular Dystrophies

209

(8)

Richard T. Moxley, III

Michael E. Yurcheshen

Duchenne Dystrophy

209

(5)

Myotonic Dystrophies

214

(1)

Limb--Girdle Muscular Dystrophies

215

(1)

Other Muscular Dystrophies

216

(1)

Dysphagia

217

(8)

Maureen A. Lefton-Greif

Introduction

217

(1)

Normal Swallowing

217

(1)

Conditions and Clinical Presentations Associated with Neurogenic Dysphagia

218

(1)

Evaluation

219

(1)

Treatment

220

(2)

Summary

222

(3)

Migraine Prevention

225

(6)

Donna J. Stephenson

First Line Therapies

227

(1)

Alternatives

228

(1)

Long-Term Control

228

(1)

Summary

228

(3)

Abortive (Acute) Treatment of Migraine

231

(6)

Eric M. Pearlman

Introduction

231

(4)

Summary

235

(2)

Pseudotumor Cerebri

237

(6)

Michael X. Repka

Introduction

237

(1)

Diagnosis/Clinical Features

237

(1)

Evaluation

238

(3)

Therapy

241

(1)

Prognosis

242

(1)

Summary

242

(1)

The Management of Pediatric Pain

243

(12)

Benjamin H. Lee

Myson Yaster

Introduction

243

(1)

Measurement of Pain in Children

243

(1)

Developmental Pharmacology

244

(1)

Nociceptive Pain

244

(4)

Neuropathic Pain

248

(5)

Conclusion

253

(2)

Neurologic Effects of Cancer and Its Therapies

255

(10)

Paul Grahan Fisher

Introduction

255

(1)

Encephalopathy

255

(2)

Increased Intracranial Pressure

257

(1)

Seizures

257

(1)

Myelopathy

257

(3)

Spinal Cord Compression

260

(1)

Ataxia

261

(1)

Neuropathy

262

(1)

Myopathy

263

(2)

Supratentorial Tumors of Childhood

265

(6)

Kaleb Yohay

Introduction

265

(1)

Overall Management

265

(1)

Specific Therapies

266

(3)

Summary

269

(2)

Posterior Fossa Tumors of Childhood

271

(8)

Roger J. Packer

Introduction

271

(1)

Diagnosis and Evaluation

271

(1)

Treatment

272

(6)

Prognosis

278

(1)

Summary

278

(1)

Congenital Infections and the Nervous System

279

(8)

Lonnie J. Miner

James F. Bale

Introduction

279

(1)

Epidemiology

279

(1)

Clinical Manifestations

280

(1)

Diagnosis

281

(2)

Therapy and Prognosis

283

(4)

Meningitis

287

(6)

Charlotte Jones

Introduction

287

(1)

Etiology

287

(1)

Pathogenesis

288

(1)

Diagnosis

288

(1)

Treatment

289

(1)

Prognosis

290

(1)

Summary

290

(3)

Treatment of Pediatric Neurological Disorders: Encephalitis

293

(10)

Fiona Goodwin

Colin Kennedy

Introduction

293

(1)

Diagnosis

293

(1)

Brief Description of Disease and Treatment

294

(2)

Public Health Measures and Prevention

296

(4)

Prognosis

300

(1)

Summary

300

(3)

Neurocysticercosis

303

(6)

Constance Smith-Hicks

Eric H. Kossoff

Introduction

303

(1)

Diagnosis

304

(1)

Treatment

304

(2)

Prognosis

306

(3)

Neurologic Complications of HIV Infection in Infants and Children

309

(10)

George K. Siberry

Robert M. Gray

Introduction

309

(1)

Diagnosis and Evaluation by Clinical Presentation

309

(5)

Treatment

314

(2)

Summary

316

(3)

Neurologic Manifestations of Lyme Disease

319

(10)

David Lieberman

Julia McMillan

Introduction

319

(1)

Epidemiology

319

(1)

Clinical Presentation

320

(1)

Clinical Signs

320

(1)

Early Disease

320

(2)

Late Disease

322

(2)

Treatment

324

(3)

Conclusions

327

(2)

Shaken Baby Syndrome (Shaken-Impact Syndrome)

329

(6)

Richard Kaplan

Introduction

329

(1)

Incidence and Epidemiology

329

(1)

Clincial Presentation and Evaluation

329

(2)

Differential Diagnosis

331

(1)

Medicolegal Issues

332

(1)

Treatment

332

(1)

Outcome

333

(2)

Coma

335

(10)

J. Michael Hemphill

Introduction

335

(1)

Early Assessment and Intervention

335

(5)

Long-Term Management and Prognosis

340

(1)

Brain Death

340

(1)

Summary

341

(1)

Appendix

342

(3)

Postconcussion Syndrome

345

(4)

William R. Leahy

Introduction

345

(1)

Diagnosis/Clinical Features

345

(1)

Natural History

346

(1)

Evaluation

346

(1)

Treatment

347

(2)

Neonatal Encephalopathy

349

(6)

Michael V. Johnston

Introduction

349

(1)

Diagnosis and Clinical Features

349

(1)

Differential Diagnosis

350

(1)

Genetic and Metabolic Disorders Causing Encephalopathy

350

(1)

Diagnostic Evaluation

351

(1)

Therapy

352

(1)

Prognosis

352

(1)

Summary

353

(2)

Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration (PKAN)

355

(6)

Susan J. Hayflick

Introduction

355

(1)

Clinical Features and Diagnosis

355

(2)

Therapy

357

(1)

Palliative Therapies

357

(1)

Supportive Care

357

(1)

Developing Additional Rational Therapies

357

(2)

Prognosis

359

(1)

Summary

359

(2)

Copper (Menkes/Wilson)

361

(6)

Tyler Reimschisel

Introduction

361

(1)

Menkes Disease

361

(2)

Wilson Disease

363

(4)

Metachromatic Leukodystrophy

367

(4)

Gerald V. Raymond

Introduction

367

(1)

Diagnosis and Clinical Features

367

(2)

Treatment

369

(1)

Prognosis

370

(1)

Summary

370

(1)

Lesch--Nyhan Disease

371

(6)

H.A. Jinnah

Introduction

371

(1)

Diagnosis and Evaluation

371

(1)

Treatment

372

(2)

Prognosis

374

(1)

Summary

374

(3)

X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy

377

(8)

Hugo W. Moser

Introduction

377

(1)

Clinical Presentation

377

(2)

Laboratory Diagnosis

379

(1)

Treatment

379

(3)

Supportive Care

382

(1)

Prognosis

383

(1)

Prevention of X-ALD

383

(1)

Summary

383

(2)

Mitochondrial Diseases

385

(8)

Adam L. Hartman

Anne M. Comi

Introduction

385

(1)

Background

385

(1)

Diagnosis

385

(1)

Therapy

386

(4)

Conclusion

390

(3)

Plumbism: Elevated Lead Levels in Children

393

(8)

Cecilia T. Davoli

Introduction

393

(1)

Diagnosis/Clinical Features

393

(2)

Therapy

395

(2)

Environmental Intervention

397

(2)

Prognosis

399

(1)

Summary

400

(1)

Stroke in Childhood

401

(8)

Rebecca N. Ichord

Introduction

401

(1)

Evaluation and Treatment: Parallel Processes in Stroke

401

(4)

Prognosis

405

(1)

Summary

406

(3)

Vascular Malformations

409

(6)

Judy Huang

Philippe H. Gailloud

Rafael J. Tamargo

Introduction

409

(1)

Arteriovenous Malformations

409

(1)

Cerebral Aneurysms

410

(1)

Cavernous Malformations

411

(1)

Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformations

412

(3)

Ataxia

415

(8)

Donald L. Gilbert

Introduction

415

(1)

Approach/Clinical Features

415

(2)

Diagnostic Genetic Testing For Progressive and Familial Ataxias

417

(2)

Selected Categories of Ataxia and Their Therapy

419

(2)

Summary

421

(2)

Dysautonomias

423

(6)

Natan Gadoth

Introduction

423

(1)

Diagnosis and Evaluation

423

(1)

Treatment

424

(3)

Prognosis

427

(1)

Summary

428

(1)

Syncope

429

(4)

Xue Ming

Sina Zaim

Introduction

429

(1)

Pathophysiology

429

(1)

Diagnostic Evaluation

430

(1)

Therapeutic Approach

431

(2)

Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis

433

(6)

Anita L. Belman

Introduction

433

(1)

Diagnosis and Evaluation

433

(2)

Therapy

435

(1)

Prognosis

436

(1)

Summary

436

(3)

Childhood Multiple Sclerosis

439

(6)

Annapurna Poduri

Gihan Tennekoon

Introduction

439

(1)

Epidemiology

439

(1)

Etiology

439

(1)

Clinical Presentation

440

(2)

Management

442

(3)

Acute Transverse Myelitis

445

(8)

Douglas Kerr

Chitra Krishnan

Frank S. Pidcock

Introduction

445

(1)

Diagnosis and Clinical Features

445

(1)

Diagnostic Evaluation

446

(1)

Therapy

447

(2)

Prognosis

449

(2)

Summary

451

(2)

Optic Neuritis

453

(4)

Linda M. Famiglio

Introduction

453

(1)

Diagnosis/Clinical Features

453

(2)

Treatment

455

(1)

Prognosis

456

(1)

Summary

456

(1)

Rett Syndrome

457

(6)

Genila M. Bibat

SakkuBai Naidu

Introduction

457

(1)

Diagnosis and Evaluation

457

(1)

Treatment

458

(2)

Prognosis

460

(1)

Summary

461

(2)

Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

463

(6)

Marco A. Grados

Introduction

463

(1)

Diagnosis and Evaluation

463

(2)

Treatment

465

(2)

Prognosis

467

(1)

Summary

468

(1)

Learning Disabilities

469

(6)

Martha Bridge Denckla

Introduction

469

(1)

Diagnosis

469

(1)

Accommodations and Therapy

470

(2)

Prognosis

472

(1)

Summary

472

(3)

Behavioral Interventions

475

(6)

Dana D. Cummings

Introduction

475

(1)

Behavior Modification

476

(1)

Relaxation Training and Biofeedback

477

(4)

Interpretation of Neuropsychological Testing

481

(8)

E. Mark Mahone

Introduction

481

(1)

Overview of Pediatric Neuropsychological Assessment

482

(1)

Challenges for the Conceptualization and Description of Various Conditions

483

(1)

Steps in the Assessment Process

483

(4)

Summary

487

(2)

Autism Spectrum Disorders

489

(6)

Andrew W. Zimmerman

Introduction

489

(1)

Diagnosis and Evalution

490

(1)

Laboratory Testing

491

(1)

Treatment

492

(1)

Summary

493

(2)

ADHD

495

(6)

Stewart Mostofsky

Introduction

495

(1)

Clinical Features

495

(1)

Pathobiology

496

(1)

Diagnosis and Evaluation

497

(1)

Therapeutic Interventions

498

(2)

Summary

500

(1)

Anxiety Disorders in Children

501

(6)

Julie Newman Kingery

John T. Walkup

Introduction

501

(1)

Etiology

501

(1)

Diagnosis and Clinical Features

501

(3)

Treatment for Anxiety Disorders

504

(2)

Summary

506

(1)

Mood Disorders in Children

507

(6)

Helen E. Courvoisie

Introduction

507

(1)

Etiology

507

(1)

Diagnostic and Clinical Features

508

(2)

Treatment

510

(2)

Summary

512

(1)

Conduct Disorder

513

(6)

Shannon Barnett

Mark Riddle

Introduction

513

(1)

Co-Morbidities and Differential Diagnosis

514

(1)

Prevention

515

(1)

Treatment

515

(1)

Multimodal Approaches

516

(1)

Psychopharmacologic Approaches

516

(1)

Conclusion

517

(2)

Substance Abuse

519

(6)

Nancy P. Dalos

Introduction

519

(1)

Diagnosis and Evaluation

520

(1)

Treatment

521

(2)

Chronic Treatment of Established Dependence/Addiction

523

(2)

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, Serotonin Syndrome, and Malignant Hyperthermia

525

(8)

Ian Butler

Pedro Mancias

Introduction

525

(1)

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)

525

(1)

Diagnosis and Evaluation

526

(1)

Management

526

(1)

Serotonin Syndrome (SS)

527

(1)

Diagnosis and Clinical Features

527

(1)

Management

528

(1)

Malignant Hyperthermia (MH)

528

(1)

Diagnosis and Evaluation

528

(2)

Management

530

(1)

Conclusion

530

(3)

Pediatric Sleep Disorders

533

(6)

Carolyn Elizabeth Hart

Introduction

533

(1)

Diagnosis

533

(1)

Normal Sleep Development

533

(1)

Specific Disorders and Treatment

534

(5)

Sturge--Weber Syndrome

539

(6)

Anne M. Comi

Bernard L. Maria

Introduction

539

(1)

Presentations

539

(2)

Diagnosis and Evaluation

541

(1)

Therapy

541

(4)

Neurofibromatosis

545

(8)

Kaleb Yohay

Introduction

545

(1)

Neurofibromatosis 1: Clinical Features and Treatment

546

(5)

Neurofibromatosis 2: Clinical Manifestations and Treatment

551

(1)

Summary

552

(1)

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex

553

(8)

Raymond S. Kandt

Introduction

553

(1)

Diagnosis and Evaluation

553

(4)

Treatment

557

(1)

Prognosis

558

(3)

Hypomelanosis of Ito

561

(4)

Lori L. Olson

Bernard L. Maria

Introduction

561

(1)

Diagnosis

561

(1)

Clinical Features

561

(1)

Evaluation

562

(1)

Genetics of HI

562

(1)

Differential Diagnosis

563

(1)

Treatment

563

(1)

Prognosis

563

(1)

Summary

564

(1)

Index

565

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Treatment of Pediatric Neurologic Disorders

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials