Triangulating Peace Pa

Triangulating Peace tackles today's most provocative hypothesis in the field of international relations: the democratic peace proposition. Drawing on ideas originally put forth by Immanuel Kant, the authors argue that democracy, economic interdependence, and international mediation can successfully cooperate to significantly reduce the chances of war.

Preface

9

(6)

International Systems: Vicious Circles and Virtuous Circles

15

(28)

The Modern State System

16

(6)

Anarchy as a Potentially Vicious Circle

22

(2)

The Creation of Virtuous Circles

24

(5)

Background and Legacy of the European Achievement

29

(4)

A Complex System of Interactions Supporting Peace

33

(2)

The Kantian Triangle

35

(8)

From Democratic Peace to Kantian Peace

43

(38)

Democracy as the Focus

44

(3)

Two Dimensions: Pairs of States and Individual States

47

(6)

Theories of the Dyadic Democratic Peace: Culture or Structure?

53

(5)

The Convergence and Expansion of Theories

58

(1)

Common Interests

59

(3)

Interventions

62

(2)

Conflict Management

64

(2)

Why Do Democracies Win the Wars They Fight?

66

(2)

The Domestic Conflict-Foreign Conflict Puzzle

68

(2)

Civil Wars

70

(1)

Beyond the ``Democratic'' Peace

71

(3)

Democracy and Political Integration

74

(2)

Legitimacy, Liberalism, and Society

76

(5)

Democracy Reduces Conflict

81

(44)

The Epidemiology of War and Peace

82

(3)

What Causes or Constrains States' Use of Force?

85

(6)

A Database for Epidemiological Studies of Interstate Conflict

91

(3)

Militarized Disputes

94

(3)

Influences and Constraints: Democracy

97

(3)

Realist Constraints

100

(4)

Analyzing the Global Experience of a Century

104

(7)

Was the Effect of Democracy Different in Different Periods?

111

(3)

Peaceful Autocracies?

114

(2)

Are Political Transitions Dangerous?

116

(6)

More Democracy and More Peace

122

(3)

Both Democracy and Economic Interdependence Reduce Conflict

125

(32)

The Liberal Peace: Classical Perspectives and Recent Research

127

(6)

Analytical Problems

133

(5)

Testing the Effects of Trade

138

(7)

Trade Does Reduce Conflict

145

(3)

Are Open Economies More Pacific?

148

(3)

Economic Growth and Conflict

151

(3)

Economic Interdependence and Peace

154

(3)

International Organizations Also Reduce Conflict

157

(40)

Networks of Intergovernmental Organizations

159

(2)

Why and How IGOs Might Matter

161

(6)

Indirect Effects and Reverse Casuality

167

(2)

The Analysis of Dense Networks

169

(2)

International Organizations Also Reduce Disputes

171

(3)

World War I as an Example

174

(3)

Systemic Changes over Time

177

(7)

Or Is It Hegemony That Reduces Violence?

184

(7)

Coercion or Persuasion?

191

(2)

The Three Kantian Legs

193

(4)

Virtuous Circles and Indirect Influences

197

(42)

Two Questions We Cannot Settle Here

198

(2)

United Nations Peace-Building through Democracy

200

(6)

The Effort in Mozambique

206

(6)

Do IGOs Promote Peace, or Vice Versa?

212

(6)

Who Trades with Whom?

218

(10)

Interests, Preferences, and Alliances

228

(11)

Clash of Civilizations, or Realism and Liberalism Deja Vu?

239

(32)

Civilizations and Identity

242

(4)

Exploring the Effects of Civilizational Differences

246

(4)

Designing a Simple Test

250

(3)

Civilizational, Realist, and Liberal Influences on Conflict

253

(2)

What Are the Patterns of Conflict within and between Particular Civilizations?

255

(5)

Do Regional Hegemonies Reduce the Likelihood of Conflict?

260

(2)

Does the Clash of Civilizations Grow over Time?

262

(2)

Are Civilizations the Prime Mover?

264

(3)

The Insignificance of Civilizational Differences

267

(4)

The Kantian Peace in the Twenty-First Century

271

(36)

The Evidence for a Kantian Peace

273

(9)

Incorporating Russia and China into the Kantian System

282

(3)

Russia's Options

285

(1)

How to Avoid the Dangers of a Russia-China Alliance

286

(2)

Why Not Bring Russia into NATO?

288

(4)

How Would the Chinese React?

292

(5)

The False Hope of Hegemony

297

(10)

Appendix: Methods and Tables

307

(24)

References

331

(40)

Index

371

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Triangulating Peace Pa

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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